Table 3.
Results of the multilevel analysis of the variables related to the use of maternal health services in Madhya Pradesh (15,782 Women from 2,246 Primary Sampling Units in 45 Districts)
| Characteristics | Odds Ratios (Confidence Interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal Care | Skilled attendance at delivery | Postnatal care | |
| Fixed Effects | |||
| Individual variables | |||
| Mother's age at last birth | |||
| = > 35 | ref | ref | ref |
| 25-34 | 1.27 (1.05-1.53) | 1.13 (0.93-1.36) | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) |
| 15-24 | 1.28 (1.05-1.55) | 1.22 (1.01-1.48) | 0.86 (0.65-1.11) |
| Mother's level of education | |||
| Illiterate | ref | ref | ref |
| Primary | 1.37 (1.21-1.54) | 1.20 (1.07-1.33) | 1.00 (0.86-1.15) |
| Middle | 1.69 (1.47-1.94) | 1.44 (1.26-1.63) | 1.17 (0.99-1.37) |
| Higher Secondary & above | 2.57 (2.11-3.12) | 2.35 (1.98-2.79) | 1.39 (1.14-1.70) |
| Mother's occupation | |||
| Unemployed | ref | ref | ref |
| Farmers/Agricultural Workers/Labourer | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 0.72 (0.66-0.79) | 0.92 (0.81-1.04) |
| Professional/Service/Production Worker | 1.37 (1.10-1.70) | 0.83 (0.68-1.00) | 0.97 (0.77-1.23) |
| Birth order | |||
| = > 3 | ref | ref | ref |
| 2 | 1.37 (1.21-1.53) | 1.19 (1.06-1.32) | 1.11 (0.95-1.27) |
| 1 | 1.69 (1.51-1.90) | 1.87 (1.68-2.07) | 1.27 (1.11-1.46) |
| Cast | |||
| Scheduled Tribes | ref | ref | ref |
| Scheduled Casts | 1.64 (1.41-1.91) | 1.52 (1.32-1.74) | 0.85 (0.70-1.03) |
| Others | 1.53 (1.33-1.73) | 1.41 (1.24-1.59) | 0.92 (0.77-1.08) |
| Religion | |||
| Hindu | ref | ref | ref |
| Muslim | 1.52 (1.16-1.97) | 1.26 (1.01-1.56) | 0.81 (0.63-1.03) |
| Others | 0.79 (0.41-1.48) | 0.96 (0.53-1.73) | 1.46 (0.75-2.83) |
| Household socio-economic status | |||
| Poorest | ref | ref | ref |
| Poor | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | 0.99 (0.85-1.14) |
| Medium | 1.54 (1.34-1.76) | 1.15 (1.01-1.30) | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) |
| Rich | 2.16 (1.80-2.57) | 1.21 (1.03-1.41) | 1.03 (0.84-1.26) |
| Richest | 4.53 (3.47-5.91) | 2.32 (1.86-2.90) | 1.50 (1.16-1.93) |
| Poverty index | |||
| Possess BPL Card | ref | ref | ref |
| No BPL Card | 0.90 (0.82-0.98) | 0.98 (0.90-1.06) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
| Education level of husband | |||
| Illiterate | ref | ref | ref |
| Primary | 1.21 (1.06-1.36) | 1.06 (0.94-1.19) | 1.03 (0.87-1.21) |
| Middle | 1.38 (1.21-1.56) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 0.98 (0.83-1.15) |
| Higher Secondary & above | 1.45 (1.27-1.66) | 1.22 (1.08-1.38) | 1.14 (0.96-1.35) |
| Received any ANC | |||
| Not received | - | ref | ref |
| Received | - | 3.52 (3.21-3.84) | 2.62 (2.31-2.95) |
| Skilled assistance at delivery | |||
| Delivery by unskilled personnel | - | - | ref |
| Delivery by skilled personnel | - | - | 58.32 (50.20-67.74) |
| Community level variables | |||
| Type of residence | |||
| Rural | ref | ref | ref |
| Urban | 1.64 (1.35-1.98) | 1.88 (1.62-2.18) | 0.94 (0.78-1.11) |
| District level variables | |||
| Percent of tribal population in the district of residence | |||
| > 50 | ref | ref | ref |
| 26-50 | 1.23 (0.48-3.10) | 0.95 (0.57-1.55) | 0.60 (0.26-1.35) |
| 0-25 | 0.89 (0.35-2.21) | 1.07 (0.65-1.75) | 0.52 (0.23-1.16) |
| Ratio of PHC to population in the district | |||
| > 30000 | ref | ref | ref |
| Up to 30000 | 1.04 (0.53-2.02) | 0.75 (0.52-1.07) | 1.03 (0.57-1.84) |
| Random effects | |||
| Community (PSU) random variance (SEa) | 0.977 (0.071) | 0.410 (0.042) | 0.541 (0.065) |
| Community (PSU) VPCb (%) | 32.90 | 14.92 | 23.68 |
| District random variance (SE) | 0.636 (0.145) | 0.167 (0.041) | 0.480 (0.111) |
| District VPC (%) | 12.97 | 4.32 | 11.13 |
a SE: Standard error
b VPC: variance partition coefficient