Table 1.

Antibiotics detected in aquatic environments of Indochina countries.

Antibiotic classes	Compounds	Habitat	Concentration range (ppt)	Reference
Sulfonamides	Sulfamethoxazole	Shrimp pond	0.01–6.06 × 106	Le and Munekage (2004)
		Urban drainage	190–330	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Canal	37–174	Managaki et al. (2007)
			0.02–4330	Hoa et al. (2011)
		Mekong river	20–33	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Pig farm	n.q.–227	Managaki et al. (2007)
			68.2–422	Hoa et al. (2011)
	Sulfamethazine	Urban drainage	110–251	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Canal	62–328	Managaki et al. (2007)
			16.1–66.2	Hoa et al. (2011)
		Mekong river	15–28	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Pig farm	18512–19152	Managaki et al. (2007)
			6.78–6662	Hoa et al. (2011)
Trimethoprim	Trimethoprim	Shrimp pond	0.08–1.04 × 106	Le and Munekage (2004)
			n.d.–85	Hoa et al. (2011)
		Urban drainage	27–46	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Canal	315–44	Managaki et al. (2007)
			23–1808	Hoa et al. (2011)
		Mekong river	7–19	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Pig farm	30–84	Managaki et al. (2007)
			n.d.–34.6	Hoa et al. (2011)
Macrolides	Erythromycin	Urban drainage	29–39	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Canal	31–41	Managaki et al. (2007)
			61.1–2246	Hoa et al. (2011)
		Mekong river	9–12	Managaki et al. (2007)
		Pig farm	n.q.	Managaki et al. (2007)
			n.d.–63.9	Hoa et al. (2011)
Fluroquinolones	Norfloxacin	Shrimp pond	0.06–6.06 × 106	Le and Munekage (2004)
		Hospital wastewater	1.5–15.2 × 103	Duong et al. (2008)
			4.62–2560	Takasu et al. (2011)
	Oxolinic acid	Shrimp pond	0.01–2.5 × 106	Le and Munekage (2004)
	Ciprofloxacin	Hospital wastewater	1.2–10.9 × 103	Duong et al. (2008)
			328	Takasu et al. (2011)
	Ofloxacin	Canal	185–782	Takasu et al. (2011)

n.q., not quantifiable due to overlapped interfering peak.