Table V.

Summary of studies assessing the effects of criteria air pollutants on vitamin D deficiency in children

Reference	Location	Population studied	Aims	Findings
Balasubramanian et al., 2008 [78]	Review	Studies on vitamin D deficiency during infancy	Emphasis on the rising incidence of vitamin D deficiency in infancy	Air pollution is an important aetiology of vitamin D deficiency
Buka et al., 2006 [79]	Review	Studies on health hazards of air pollution in children	To inform paediatricians about the associations between ambient air pollution and adverse health outcomes in children	It highlights the non-respiratory effects of air pollution on children's health, one of the important ones being vitamin D deficiency
Bachrach et al., 1979 [13]	Philadelphia, USA	Cases of rickets in children aged 4 to 58 months (n=24) (1974–1978)	Case report of an outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population	Air pollution was a contributing factor to vitamin D deficiency among these patients
O'Riordan, 2006 [80]	Historical paper	Rickets in the 17th century in the United Kingdom	To assess whether rickets, which was first documented as a cause of death in London in 1634, was a new disease in England	Air pollution from smoke produced by burning coal caused serious problems at that time, and so it can be suggested that vitamin D deficiency was responsible