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(i) KOH, grind open in air 5−10 min, >99%. (ii) 6M NaOH, acetone/water reflux, recryst. water, 81%. (iii) 50:50 ethanol:water reflux, 5 h, recryst. 70% CH3CN (aq), 50%. (iv) ε-caprolactone, toluene, cat. stannous octoate, reflux 24 h.
