Figure 3.

Quantitative measurement of surface roughness and surface area of the machined, sandblasted, and sandblasted + hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Surface area was measured in a 5 μm × 5 μm horizontal plane. Atomic force microscopic three-dimensional images (5 μm × 5 μm) of sandblasted and sandblasted + hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces are also presented in a vertical scale of 800 nm.

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, indicating a statistically significant difference compared to the machined surface (n = 6).

Abbreviation: HA, hydroxyapatite.