. 2011 Sep 20;171(3):409–414. doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1570-y

Table 1.

Regions with a predilection for hypoxic–ischemic neuronal injury to swallowing

Site of lesion [12, 51]	Swallowing elements^a
Site of lesion [12, 51]	Oral	Pharyngeal	GOR
Periventricular leucomalacia (preterm babies)	+	+/−	+/−
Cortical and subcortical injury in a watershed parasagittal distribution (term babies and prolonged partial hypoxic events)	+	+/−	+/−
Relatively selective injury to the putamen, thalamus, and peri-rolandic cerebral cortex, and often including injury to the brainstem (term babies and acute anoxic events)	+	++	+

GOR gastro-oesophageal reflux, +/− probably present, + very likely present, ++ evident

^aExpert opinion