Table 1.
Risk/protective factors and tried smoking incidence by race/ethnicity
| Race/ethnicity | Significant Contrast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | Hispanic | |||
| Media Exposures | |||||
| Movie smoking [mean(SD)] for 0 to 1 scale | .30 (.27) | .39 (.29) | .31 (.28) | H, W < B | |
| Weekday television viewing | W < H < B | ||||
| None | 5.9% | 6.6% | 4.3% | ||
| < 1 h | 22.0% | 9.2% | 17.2% | ||
| 1–2 h | 49.5% | 35.4% | 48.6% | ||
| 3–4 h | 16.8% | 27.3% | 23.1% | ||
| >4 h | 5.8% | 21.5% | 6.7% | ||
| Has TV in the bedroom | 52.2% | 78.3% | 65.8% | W < H < B | |
| Socio-demographics | |||||
| Parent education | H < B < W | ||||
| HS grad or less | 27.9% | 45.0% | 67.6% | ||
| Associate’s | 31.3% | 33.9% | 19.0% | ||
| > = Bachelor’s | 40.8% | 21.1% | 13.5% | ||
| Social influences and school | |||||
| Friend(s) smoke | 15.1% | 17.3% | 16.9% | None | |
| Sibling(s) smoke | 12.2% | 12.9% | 9.2% | H < B, W | |
| Parent(s) smoke | 30.2% | 32.3% | 25.0% | H < B, W | |
| Parenting style | .60 (.27) | .61 (.28) | .60 (.29) | None | |
| School performance average or below average | 63.3% | 73.7% | 74.4% | W < B, H | |
| Extracurricular activities | .50 (.27) | .51 (.29) | .45 (.29) | H < B, W | |
| Characteristics of the adolescent | |||||
| Sensation seeking | .34 (.28) | .36 (.27) | .33 (.28) | None | |
| Rebelliousness | .23 (.28) | .30 (.30) | .25 (.30) | H, W < B | |
| Smoking onset | |||||
| Baseline → 8M | 7.1% overall | 6.2% | 8.5% | 7.6% | None |
| 8 m → 16M | 6.8% overall | 6.7% | 7.8% | 8.0% | None |
| 16 m → 24M | 6.4% overall | 5.9% | 6.9% | 7.7% | None |
| Baseline → 24M | 14.3% overall | 14.0% | 14.1% | 15.8% | None |
Significance is presented based upon differences in means by race. In the first row, for example, H, W < B would be interpreted as there being no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of movie smoking between White and Hispanic youth, but both groups having less exposure than Black youth. All continuous variables were scaled so that 0 represents the 5th percentile and 1 represents the 95th percentile for the distribution, values below 0 were set to 0, and values above 1 were set to 1; thus, range was always 0–1 for these variables. Means and SDs presented for continuous variables and percentages for ordered categorical or dichotomous variables. Significance tests for race/ethnicity contrasts based on t tests for continuous variables, ordered logistic regression for ordered categorical variables and logistic regression for dichotomous variables