Table 2.

Perceptions and attributes of traditional versus current landscapes in Montesinho and Douro International Natural Parks, Trás-os-Montes

Traditional landscape	Main sign	Current landscape	Signs of change
Wilderness	Presence of nature	Tameness	Wind turbines, antennas
Continuous	Land cover patterns	Fragmented	Road network
Humanized	Crops and cattle	Abandoned	Scrubland and wildfires risk
Multipurpose	Mosaics of species	Monoculture	Fast growing species
Availability of resources	Wild gathering	Restriction of resource	Hunting regulations
Intensive labor	Crop lands	Absenteeism	Afforestation of crop lands
Landraces	Good performances	Exotic species	Invasive species, diseases
Small settlements	Inconspicuous	Larger villages	Noticeable, modern houses
Communal facilities	Management	Individual facilities	e.g. Many bread ovens
Lack of infrastructures	Rustic and hardy	Infrastructures	Lifestyle improvement
Cultural heritage	Local architecture	Global and homogeneous	Similar public places in several villages