Table 1.

	CRC	HCC	PDAC	REFERENCES
% of human tumors containing mutations in key members of Wnt/β-catenin pathway	90% of CRC	18–44% of HCC	Rare in PDAC	reviewed in 17,18 52–54, 56–58 100,102,103
% of human tumors with β-catenin staining	58–80% nuclear 100% membrane and cytoplasmic	17–43% nuclear 57–62% membrane and cytoplasmic	4–11% nuclear 35–65% cytoplasmic	20–22 91–94 102,113,118–121
Wnt/β-catenin pathway members mutated most often	80% APC 10% β-catenin	3–44% β-catenin 5–25% AXIN1 Not APC	Not seen in PDAC	reviewed in 18 52–54,56–58 100,102,103
Effects of Wnt/β-catenin hyperactivation in murine tumor models	Initiating event in tumorigenesis and is sufficient for tumor formation (adenomas not carcinomas)	Not sufficient for malignant transformation, but promotes tumorigenesis	Antagonizes Kras-initiated mPanIN and PDAC	reviewed in 17,18 70–72 107,109,110
Necessity of temporal regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in tumorigenesis	No	No	Yes	reviewed in 17,18 70–72 107,109,110
Crosstalk with other signaling pathways (not an exhaustive list)	Notch, Hedgehog	TGF-β, HGF/MET	TGF-β, Hedgehog, Notch	48–50 60,86,88 113–115