Table 2. Seasonal variability for all colonies together from Summer to Winter for pathogen loads, Varroa destructor (Vd) and expression levels for vitellogenin and immune genes.
| TARGET | SUMMER TO FALL | FALL TO WINTER | ||
| DC | SC | DC | SC | |
| Vd | → | → | → | ↓↓↓ |
| DWV | ↑↑↑ | ↑ | → | ↑ |
| BQCV | ↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↑↑↑ | ↑ |
| Nosema ceranae | → | ↑ | → | ↓↓↓ |
| Vitellogenin | → | → | → | ↓↓↓ |
| Eater | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↑ | ↓↓↓ |
| Hymenoptaecin | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | → | → |
Data are grouped by colony status after Winter (SC = Surviving colonies, DC = Dying colonies). (Mann-Whitney test :↑ = P<0.05; ↑↑ or ↓↓ = P<0.01; ↑↑↑ or ↓↓↓ = P<0.001; → = No significant difference).