Table 1. Pooled prevalence estimates for MD in ASD and for abnormal biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.
| Studies | Total N | Overall prevalence | Minimum (%) | Maximum (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General ASD population | |||||
| Mitochondrial disease in ASD | 3 | 536 | 5.0% (3.2%, 6.9%) | 3.6 | 9.1 |
| Elevated lactate | 6 | 479 | 31.1% (27.0%, 35.3%) | 17 | 77 |
| Elevated pyruvate | 2 | 110 | 13.6% (7.2%, 20.1%) | 8 | 30 |
| Elevated lactate/pyruvate ratio | 1 | 192 | 27.6% (21.2%, 33.9%) | ||
| Elevated alanine | 1 | 36 | 8.3% (0.0%, 20.1%) | ||
| Low total carnitine | 1 | 30 | 90.0% (81.0%, 99.0%) | ||
| Elevated creatine kinase | 1 | 47 | 46.8% (32.4%, 61.2%) | ||
| Elevated ammonia | 1 | 80 | 35.0% (24.5%, 45.5%) | ||
| Elevated AST | 1 | 147 | 45.6% (37.5%, 53.7%)a | ||
| Elevated ALT | 1 | 87 | 7.0% (0.5%, 13.5%) | ||
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; MD, mitochondrial disease.
a
This value was found to be significantly higher than a control group.