Table 2. Pooled statistics and meta-analysis of group differences for mitochondrial biomarkers in ASD compared with controls.
|
ASD |
Control |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Number of studies | Total N | Mean (95% CI) | Total N | Mean (95% CI) | F-value | Hedge's g (CI) | Q for g | Glass's Δ (CI) | Q for Δ |
| Lactate (m l–1) | 5 | 114 | 1.73 (1.61, 1.88) | 114 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 8.72† | 1.42 (0.92, 1.92)† | 3.64 | 3.22 (2.66, 3.78)† | 45.89† |
| Pyruvate (n l–1) | 1 | 24 | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) | 24 | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | 20.25† | 1.96 (0.85, 3.08)† | 6.40 (5.04, 7.76)† | ||
| Carnitine (mg ml–1) | 1 | 30 | 3.83 (3.44, 4.31) | 30 | 6.40 (6.22, 6.62) | 4.61† | 2.51 (1.61, 3.42)† | 4.21 (3.01, 5.41)† | ||
| Ubiquinone | 1 | 15 | 91.4 (81.9, 103.0) | 15 | 144.2 (130.4,161.1) | 2.13 | 1.90 (0.79, 3.01)† | 1.63 (0.62, 2.64)† | ||
| Creatine kinase | 2 | 55 | 178.8 (139.6, 226.9) | 59 | 92.2 (89.9, 121.9) | 6.93† | 0.57 (–0.15, 1.30) | 0.05 | 0.94 (0.19, 1.69) | 0.69 |
| AST | 1 | 147 | 36.3 (34.4, 38.6) | 98 | 29.7 (28.1, 31.7)a | 2.34† | 0.49 (–0.22, 1.32) | 0.67 (–0.07, 1.41) | ||
| ALT | 1 | 87 | 24.6 (19.77, 30.52) | 70 | 20.6 (18.7, 23.1) | 7.37† | 0.18 (–0.61, 0.97) | 0.38 (–0.42, 1.19) | ||
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval.
a
Standard error of AST was misstated in the publication as 3.0 but in actuality it is 1.0.
†P<0.0001.