Fig. 7.

Phylogenetic tree showing multiple habit shifts towards secondary woodiness within Balsaminaceae. The primarily woody Cornus, Pelliciera and Marcgravia are chosen as the outgroup. Character optimization of the habit character on the strict consensus tree from chloroplast atpB-rbcL and nuclear ImpDEF1/ImpDEF2 sequences. (A) Two-character state analysis with two classes of species: herbaceous species (character states 1–9 plus all the species without a wood cylinder) and woody species (character states 12–26; Table 1). (B) Four-character state analysis with four classes of species: herbaceous species (species without a wood cylinder), ‘woody’ herbs (character states 1–9), slightly woody species (character states 12–14) and truly woody species (character states 17–26; Table 1).