Table 1.
Overview of selected stem anatomical characters within Balsaminaceae
| Taxon | Outer layer, meristimatic activity | No. of cell layers collenchyma, meristimatic activity | No. of cell layers cortex, meristimatic activity | No. of cell layers wood InterF vs. intraF region | Wood distributed as cylinder or as individual islands | Thickness double wood cylinder (mm) | Average diameter entire stem (mm) | Ratio thickness double wood cylinder/average stem diameter | Character state after gap weighting (n = 26) for species with wood cylinder | Four-character states | Two-character states |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrocera triflora | Epidermis, + | 2–3, + | Aerenchyma 10, ± | 0–7 vs. 18–45 | Island | – | 15·1 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| Impatiens amplexicaulis | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 12–36 | Cylinder | 1·49 | 4·15 | 0·36 | 14 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. arguta | Epidermis, – | 3–4, – | 2–4, – | 10–15 vs. 12–20 | Cylinder | 0·56 | 3·85 | 0·15 | 5 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. aurea | Initiating periderm, + | 1–2, – | 1–2, – | 19–24 vs. 33–40 | Cylinder | 1·33 | 6·4 | 0·21 | 8 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. auricoma | Initiating periderm, + | 15–18, + | 12–17, + | 0 vs. 12–23 | Island | – | 18·1 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. balfourii | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 50–100 | Cylinder | 2·73 | 5·28 | 0·52 | 21 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. balsamina | Epidermis, + | 3–4, + | 4–6, + | 6–8 vs. 14–30 | Cylinder | 0·3 | 19 | 0·02 | 1 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. bicaudata | Initiating periderm, + | 20–25, + | 12–15, + | 0 vs. 40–45 | Island | – | 30 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. biflora | Periderm, + | 1–3, – | 8–12, – | 24–67 | Cylinder | 1·56 | 5·16 | 0·3 | 12 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. burtonii ssp. burtonii | Epidermis, ± | 2–4, – | 5–8, ± | 0 vs. 2–3 | Island | – | 3 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. campanulata | Epidermis, – | 5–7, + | 5–7, + | 18–20 vs. 25–35 | Cylinder | 1 | 7·9 | 0·13 | 5 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. capensis | Periderm, + | 1–2, – | 2–3, – | 20–25 vs. 25–30 | Cylinder | 1·34 | 6·3 | 0·21 | 8 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. catati | Epidermis, – | 2–7, – | 2–4, + | 0 vs. 2–3 | Island | – | 3·1 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. cecili | Epidermis, – | 4–6, ± | 4–7, + | 40–45 vs. 40–55 | Cylinder | 2·01 | 5·8 | 0·35 | 14 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. clavigera | Initiating periderm, + | 6–8, – | 6–10, – | 0 vs. 6–8 | Island | – | 5·2 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. curvipes | Epidermis, ± | 3–5, ± | 3–5, ± | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 2·8 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. dewildeana | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 52–68 vs. 60–88 | Cylinder | 2·77 | 5·73 | 0·48 | 20 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. edgeworthii | Epidermis, – | 3–5, – | 2–4, – | 0–3 vs. 12–20 | Island | – | 3·4 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. eriosperma | Epidermis, – | 2–5, ± | 3–5, + | 0 vs. 2–3 | Island | – | 2·2 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. eubotrya | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 37–58 vs. 56–69 | Cylinder | 1·74 | 5·1 | 0·34 | 14 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. flaccida | Initiating periderm, + | 5–8, + | 3–5, + | 60–80 | Cylinder | 2·89 | 6·78 | 0·43 | 17 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. gesneroidea | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 47–68 | Cylinder | 3·45 | 6·14 | 0·56 | 23 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. glandulifera | Epidermis, + | 6–11, ± | 4–9, ± | 17–20 vs. 30–35 | Cylinder | 0·5 | 27 | 0·018 | 1 | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. glandulosa | Epidermis, + | 8–10, – | 5–12, + | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 17 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. grandis | Epidermis, – | 6–7, ± | 4–7, ± | 0 vs. 3–10 | Island | – | 10 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. griffithii | Periderm, + | 1–2, – | 2–3, – | 10–14 vs. 15–29 | Cylinder | 0·62 | 3·35 | 0·19 | 7 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. havilandii | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 53–58 vs. 50–67 | Cylinder | 2·78 | 4·42 | 0·63 | 26 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. hawkeri | Epidermis, + | 4–5, ± | 3–5, ± | 18–22 | Cylinder | 0·6 | 5 | 0·12 | 4 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. henslowiana | Epidermis, – | 4–6, + | 3–7, ± | 1–5 vs. 5–10 | Cylinder | 0·15 | 3·51 | 0·12 | 1 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. hians var. hians | Epidermis, + | 6–9, – | 3–7, ± | 12–20 vs. 25–35 | Cylinder | 0·6 | 8·2 | 0·07 | 3 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. hochstetteri ssp. hochstetteri | Epidermis, – | 9–11, – | 10–13, + | 0 vs. 8–18 | Island | – | 16 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. inaperta | Epidermis, – | 2–3, – | 4–5, – | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 1·2 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. irvingii | Epidermis, – | 4–8, + | 6–11, + | 18–23 vs. 30–40 | Cylinder | 1 | 7·5 | 0·13 | 5 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. jurpia | Periderm, + | 4–5, – | 3–6, – | 2–5 vs. 2–6 | Cylinder | 0·12 | 2·7 | 0·04 | 1 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. keillii ssp. keillii | Epidermis, + | 0–2, – | 6–9, + | 0 vs. 2–3 | Island | – | 5·4 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. kilimanjari | Epidermis, – | 3–6, – | 4–8, ± | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 6·1 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. kilimanjari × pseudoviola | Initiating periderm, + | 3–5, – | 4–7, + | 8–10 vs. 15–20 | Cylinder | 0·46 | 4·93 | 0·09 | 3 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. latifolia | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 13–18 vs. 25–28 | Cylinder | 0·78 | 3·28 | 0·24 | 9 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. leschenaultii | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 24–36 vs. 40–48 | Cylinder | 1·81 | 3·95 | 0·46 | 19 | truly woody | Woody |
| I. lyallii | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 15–20 vs. 22–36 | Cylinder | 0·94 | 4·5 | 0·21 | 8 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. mackeyana ssp. claeri | Periderm, + | 5–10, – | 8–13, ± | 0 vs. 10–17 | Island | – | 15 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. macrophylla | Periderm, + | 2–3, – | 6–10, – | 15–26 | Cylinder | 0·65 | 9 | 0·072 | 2 | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. masonii | Epidermis, – | 2–7, – | 3–7, – | 0 vs. 0–1 | Island | – | 2·1 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. mengtszeana | Epidermis, – | 4–8, – | 7–10, – | 0 vs. 0–1 | Island | – | 1·8 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. mirabilis | Periderm, + | 15–25, + | 20–25, ± | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 25 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. namchabarwensis | Epidermis, + | 2–5, + | 1–5, + | 90–110 | Cylinder | 3·4 | 5·53 | 0·61 | 25 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. niamniamensis | Periderm, + | 7–10, – | 12–16, + | 80–100 | Cylinder | 4·14 | 14 | 0·3 | 12 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. noli-tangere | Epidermis, + | 1–3, – | 2–4, ± | 7–15 vs. 16–25 | Cylinder | 1·4 | 10 | 0·14 | 5 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. nomenya | Epidermis, – | 2–3, – | 7–9, + | 0 vs. 2–5 | Island | – | 4·6 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. omeiana | Epidermis, – | 3–5, – | 6–8, – | 0 vs. 1–6 | Island | – | 4 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. opinata | Epidermis, – | 2–5, – | 2–6, – | 2–5 vs. 2–6 | Cylinder | 0·065 | 1·1 | 0·059 | 2 | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. parasitica | Epidermis, – | 11–14, – | 5–6, ± | 0 vs. 5–10 | Island | – | 10 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. parviflora | Epidermis, – | 2–3, – | 3–5, + | 24–30 vs. 35–45 | Cylinder | 1·68 | 8·15 | 0·21 | 8 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. platypetala | Epidermis, + | 4–6, + | 6–11, + | 2–15 vs. 9–30 | Cylinder | 0·75 | 6·94 | 0·11 | 4 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. psittacina | Epidermis, – | 2–5, ± | 3–6, – | 0 vs. 1–4 | Island | – | 1·6 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. pseudomacroptera | Initiating periderm, + | 4–6, – | 4–6, – | 12–20 vs. 18–30 | Cylinder | 1·09 | 6·16 | 0·18 | 7 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. pseudoviola | Initiating periderm, + | 4–9, + | 6–8, + | 0 vs. 2–4 | Island | – | 4·4 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. purpureo-violacea | Initiating periderm, + | 2–5, – | 3–5, ± | 10–17 vs. 12–14 | Cylinder | 0·42 | 2·6 | 0·16 | 6 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. repens | Epidermis, + | 2–3, ± | 5–10, + | 0 vs. 2–10 | Island | – | 6·7 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. shirensis | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 36–44 vs. 42–51 | Cylinder | 1·43 | 4·03 | 0·36 | 14 | Slightly woody | Woody |
| I. sodenii | Epidermis, + | 5–8, + | 9–14, + | 2–3 vs. 10–15 | Cylinder | 0·1 | 8·4 | 0·01 | 1 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. stenantha | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 17–25 vs. 32–52 | Cylinder | 1·6 | 3·55 | 0·45 | 18 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. stuhlmannii | Epidermis, – | 4–7, – | 4–7, ± | 9–17 vs. 13–33 | Cylinder | 0·57 | 6·99 | 0·08 | 3 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. cf. stuhlmannii | Epidermis, – | 3–8, – | 4–5, – | 4–8 vs. 6–13 | Cylinder | 0·2 | 3·74 | 0·05 | 2 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. usambarensis | Epidermis, – | 4–9, + | 4–8, + | 1–6 vs. 5–12 | Cylinder | 0·32 | 6·68 | 0·05 | 1 | Woody herb | Herbaceous |
| I. vaughanii | Epidermis, – | 3–4, – | 5–10, ± | 0 vs. 1–2 | Island | – | 2·5 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. violaeflora | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 21–39 | Cylinder | 1·64 | 3·58 | 0·46 | 19 | Truly woody | Woody |
| I. viscida | Epidermis, – | 2–3, – | 5–7, ± | 0 vs. 5–15 | Island | – | 5 | – | – | Herbaceous | Herbaceous |
| I. vitellina | Periderm, + | ? | ? | 52–64 vs. 72–118 | Cylinder | 2·71 | 4·75 | 0·57 | 23 | Truly woody | Woody |
Species are arranged alphabetically. +, present; ±, sometimes present; –, absent; IntraF, intrafascicular; InterF, interfascicular.