Effects of polygamain on tubulin assembly and colchicine displacement. Tubulin polymerization in the presence of vehicle and a range of concentrations of polygamain (A). Tubulin polymerization in the presence of vehicle or 2.5 μM polygamain, podophyllotoxin, or CA-4 (B). Controls from three different experiments were averaged and normalized to 1, and the individual data for each drug were normalized to control. Colchicine displacement by polygamain, podophyllotoxin, or CA-4 (C).