Table 3.
Effect of Diabetes status, race and diet on APP*
| Model 1 Carbohydrate/Fiber | B-unstandardized coefficient (95% CI) | SE | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (yes) | 0.744 (0.436,1.05) | 0.145 | < 0.001 |
| RACE [F(2,15) = 0.539] | - | - | 0.594 |
| MA | 0.060 (0.015, 0.106) | 0.021 | 0.012 |
| BNH | 0.059 (0.019, 0.099) | 0.019 | 0.006 |
| WNH (reference) † | |||
| Diabetes*RACE [F(2,15) = 7.39] | - | - | 0.006 |
| Diabetes (yes) MA | -0.054(-0.134, 0.026) | 0.038 | 0.171 |
| Diabetes(yes) BNH | -0.112(-0.179, -0.045 | 0.032 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes(yes) WNH (reference) ‡ | - | - | - |
| CHO (gm) | 0.051 (-0.005, 0.106) | 0.026 | 0.071 |
| Fiber (gm) | -0.014 (-0.029, -0.0003) | 0.007 | 0.050 |
| Kcal | -0.002(-0.004, 0.001) | 0.001 | 0.161 |
| Diabetes (yes) *CHO‡‡ | -0.118 (-0.178, -0.058) | 0.028 | 0.001 |
| Current Smoker (yes) | 0.022 (0.001, 0.043) | 0.010 | 0.041 |
| Age (yrs) | 0.008 (0.007,0.009) | 0.0001 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 0.022 (-0.014, 0.058) | 0.017 | 0.208 |
| BMI (m/kg2) | 0.045(-0.024,0.114) | 0.032 | 0.182 |
| Model summary: R2 = 0.184; F(13,4) = 36.5, p < 0.001 | |||
| Model 2 MUFA/SFA | B (95% CI) | SE | P |
| Diabetes (Yes) | 0.299 (0.195, 0.403) | 0.049 | < 0.001 |
| RACE [F(2,15) = 0.351] | 0.710 | ||
| MA | 0.058 (0.012, 0.104) | 0.022 | 0.017 |
| BNH | 0.065 (0.022, 0.107) | 0.020 | 0.005 |
| WNH (reference) | |||
| Diabetes*RACE [F(2,15) = 7.12] | - | - | 0.007 |
| Diabetes (yes) MA | -0.063(-0.137, 0.001) | 0.035 | 0.088 |
| Diabetes (yes) BNH | -0.112(-0.179,-0.044) | 0.032 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes (yes) WNH (reference) ‡ | |||
| MUFA | -0.019(- 0.040,0.002) | 0.010 | 0.072 |
| SFA | 0.010(-0.006,0.026) | 0.008 | 0.186 |
| Kcal | 0.001(-0.002, 0.003) | 0.001 | 0.547 |
| Diabetes (yes) *MUFA‡‡ | -0.035 (-0.055, -0.014) | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Current Smoker (Yes) | 0.024 (0.004, 0.045) | 0.010 | 0.020 |
| Age (yrs) | 0.008 (0.007, 0.009) | 0.0001 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 0.021(-0.013, 0.056) | 0.016 | 0.208 |
| BMI (m/kg2) | 0.054(-0.18,0.126) | 0.034 | 0.134 |
| Model summary: R2 = 0.184; F(13, 4) = 72.9, p < 0.001 | |||
Abbreviations: APP = arterial pulse pressure; MA = Mexican Americans; BNH = Black, non-Hispanics; WHN = White, non-Hispanics; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; SFA = saturated fatty acids; Kcal = kilocalories per day (energy intake); BMI = body mass index.
* Complete data were available for N = 4236 participants and sample weights were applied. BMI was natural log-transformed and Kcal was transformed by the square root.
† MA and BNH are compared to WNH regarding APP and have higher APP than WNH (positive coefficient).
‡ MA and BNH with diabetes are compared to WNH with diabetes and have lower APP (negative coefficients, significant for MA, only)
‡‡ All participants with diabetes that consume higher CHO and higher MUFA have lower APP than those without diabetes.