Table 7.
Concentrations of PM2.5, BC, and trace elements submitted to EDXRF analysisa, for the summer months (October to March) and winter months (April to September)
| Element | Sao Paulo (n = 207)b | Rio de Janeiro (n = 150)b | Belo Horizonte (n = 217)b | Porto Alegre (n = 174)b | Curitiba (n = 155)b | Recife (n = 148)b | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | |||||||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| PMc2.5 | 23.1 | 9.5 | 35.5 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 5.5 | 23.0 | 13.0 | 14.5 | 6.5 | 18.5 | 7.5 | 13.9 | 6.7 | 19.3 | 14.3 | 13.3 | 5.1 | 18.1 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 2.8 | 12.5 | 4.6 |
| BCc | 7.1 | 3.4 | 13.1 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 1.1 |
| Al | 33.2 | 28.4 | 75.5 | 73.4 | 32.9 | 41.2 | 62.3 | 66.5 | 43.9 | 55.8 | 54.0 | 39.5 | 28.3 | 24.3 | 50.6 | 52.4 | 48.4 | 81.9 | 55.6 | 56.8 | 55.4 | 83.3 | 26.9 | 29.0 |
| Si | 76.6 | 49.9 | 196.7 | 149.1 | 77.9 | 63.0 | 153.3 | 153.7 | 162.4 | 126.5 | 223.5 | 133.6 | 74.8 | 60.6 | 86.0 | 111.7 | 74.3 | 74.4 | 101.8 | 103.8 | 139.7 | 163.8 | 58.5 | 39.5 |
| P | 36.4 | 147.9 | 24.3 | 17.6 | 9.5 | 48.6 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 12.0 | 43.8 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 3.5 | ||||
| S | 896.6 | 472.0 | 967.1 | 544.8 | 638.2 | 398.8 | 672.9 | 485.3 | 331.5 | 195.0 | 388.9 | 181.6 | 389.0 | 348.4 | 339.0 | 295.5 | 384.0 | 260.3 | 390.5 | 263.7 | 228.6 | 104.5 | 165.5 | 107.8 |
| Cl | 33.5 | 49.5 | 161.2 | 202.4 | 18.8 | 54.6 | 91.6 | 142.8 | 11.1 | 34.8 | 10.0 | 15.9 | 54.5 | 80.5 | 114.3 | 193.5 | 41.8 | 189.9 | 24.3 | 55.7 | 58.8 | 64.6 | 176.8 | 177.7 |
| K | 137.6 | 130.1 | 363.5 | 221.0 | 124.9 | 281.0 | 241.4 | 187.7 | 141.2 | 140.4 | 224.9 | 131.7 | 158.5 | 156.7 | 322.3 | 320.2 | 154.6 | 151.4 | 356.5 | 289.4 | 117.4 | 77.7 | 158.9 | 193.2 |
| Ca | 52.7 | 26.6 | 119.5 | 108.8 | 31.9 | 23.7 | 53.7 | 62.8 | 98.5 | 72.5 | 96.2 | 52.8 | 35.8 | 22.5 | 38.3 | 40.6 | 37.0 | 35.0 | 49.3 | 53.3 | 53.5 | 29.9 | 53.7 | 40.5 |
| Ti | 5.7 | 3.2 | 13.1 | 10.5 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 |
| V | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Cr | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 12.1 | 69.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Mn | 6.6 | 21.2 | 8.2 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 25.2 | 60.5 | 49.2 | 44.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 6.2 | 19.7 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 |
| Fe | 128.3 | 57.2 | 247.9 | 142.6 | 56.3 | 26.4 | 89.5 | 65.9 | 107.9 | 80.6 | 142.6 | 77.7 | 60.2 | 44.9 | 90.7 | 134.3 | 57.3 | 31.7 | 82.9 | 59.9 | 50.7 | 46.7 | 74.4 | 52.4 |
| Ni | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 13.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Cu | 8.1 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 4.1 | 6.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Zn | 53.6 | 41.1 | 99.0 | 96.1 | 18.1 | 15.9 | 30.9 | 26.5 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 16.1 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 18.9 | 18.7 | 20.2 | 9.0 | 10.6 | 25.8 | 46.1 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 24.9 | 28.9 |
| Se | 3.3 | 3.6 | 23.4 | 52.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 | ||||
| Br | 2.8 | 2.7 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 3.1 |
| Pb | 15.4 | 12.6 | 22.4 | 20.5 | 9.5 | 7.1 | 14.1 | 11.4 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 15.8 | 11.5 | 16.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
aConcentrations in nanograms per cubic meter, unless otherwise noted
bNumber of samples for which elemental analysis data were available for the entire study period
cConcentrations in micrograms per cubic meter