Table 2:

Selected controlled clinical trials of antioxidant supplements’ effect on preventing diabetic complications

Study name with type of supplementation	Number	Sex	Age	Dose	Duration in years (Y) or months (M)	Study Outcome
Dietary supplementation (GISSI). 1999106 Vitamin E	11,324	M, F	No age limits	300 mg	3.5 Y	No effect on MI + CVD death + stroke
Yusuf, et al. 2000107 Vitamin E	9541	M, F	≥55	400 IU	4.5 Y	No effect on MI, CVD death, or stroke
Pruthi, et al. 2001108 Vitamin E	39,910	M	No age limits	100 IU/day	2 Y	37% lower risk of CHD
Kritharides, et al. 2002109 Vitamins A and C, folic acid, niacin,β-carotene, selenium, zinc	87,000	M, F	No age limits	Not available	10 Y	Significantly lower risk of CVD, mortality
Deepak, et al. 2003105 Vitamins E and C, and β-carotene	20,500	M, F	40–80	VE 600 mg, VC 250 mg, β-carotene 20 mg	5 Y	No significant difference in cardiovascular mortality and incidence of vascular events between vitamin and placebo groups
Lee, et al. 2005110 Vitamin E	40000	F	≥45	600 IU	10 Y	No effect on cardiovascular events
Costacou, et al. 2006111 Vitamin supplementation with multivitamin pills		M, F	<17	Multivitamin pills	10 Y	Significant decreased risk of CAD incidence in T1DM
Milman, et al. 2008112 Vitamin E	1434	M, F	≥55	400 U/day	18 M	Reduced cardiovascular events in individuals with DM
Hodis, et al. 2009113 Folic acid, Vitamin B12, and B6	506	M, F	40–89	Folic acid 5 mg,VB12 0.4 mg, VB6 50 mg	3.1Y	Significantly reduced progression of early-stage subclinical atherosclerosis and low risk for CVD
Shargorodsky, et al. 2010114 Combined antioxidant (Vitamins E and C, coenzyme Q10)	70	M, F	No age limits	VE (400 IU/day),VC (1000 mg/d), Q10 (120mg\day)	6 M	Positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors