Figure 6. Subcellular localization of protein targets governs the biological response to RLS.

The diverse biological effects of electrophilic lipids is due, in part, to their subcellular targets. On the left-hand side, cytosolic targets predominate with the modification of proteins such as Keap1 and the Hsp70/Hsp90, leading to an increase in adaptive responses. On the right-hand side, mitochondrial targets control the response, leading to changes in cellular respiration and apoptotic cell death. In addition, RLS may mediate autophagy and/or mitophagy, leading to proteasome-independent degradation of adducted proteins. ETC, electron-transport chain; HSE, heat-shock element.