Table 1.

Major etiological agents of arboviral encephalitides

Virus Family	Vertebrate Reservoir	Primary Vector	Distribution	References
Flaviviridae
Japanese encephalitis virus	Birds, Pigs	Culex tritaeniorrhynchus	SE Asia, Pacific Rim	(van den Hurk et al. 2009)
Murray Valley encephalitis virus	Birds	Culex annulirostris	Australia	(Broom et al. 2002)
St. Louis encephalitis virus	Birds	Culex species	Americas	(Day 2001)
West Nile Virus	Birds	Culex species, Aedes albopictus	North America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia	(Kramer et al. 2007)
Bunyaviridae
California encephalitis virus	Rodents, rabbits	Aedes melanimon	North America	(Griot et al. 1993)
La Crosse virus	Chipmunks, squirrels	Ochleratus triseriatus and A. albopictus	North America	(Borucki et al. 2002)
Rift Valley fever virus	Sheep, cattle	Aedes and Culex species	Africa	(Bird et al. 2009)
Toscana virus	Bats, humans	Phlebotomine flies	Europe	(Dionisio et al. 2003)
Alphaviridae
Chikungunya virus	Primates, humans	Aedes aegypti	Africa, India, SE Asia	(Cavrini et al. 2009)
Eastern equine encephalitis virus	Birds	C. melanura, Psorophora, Ochlerotatus, and Aedes species	Americas	(Zacks and Paessler 2010)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus	Rodents, horses	A. aegypti	Americas	(Zacks and Paessler 2010)
Western equine encephalitis virus	Birds, mammals	Culex tarsalis	North America	(Zacks and Paessler 2010)