Table 4.

Risk factors for late disease stage at presentation (WHO stage 3 or 4).

		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Sex	Female	1
	Male	0.99	0.56–1.74	0.963
Age group	5–12 years old	1			1
	2–5 years old	1.20	0.60–2.41	0.612	1.90	0.85–4.22	0.117
	0–2 years old	1.45	0.72–2.92	0.303	2.83	1.23–6.50	0.014
Current living situation	With both parents	1			1
	With one parent	1.39	0.71–2.73	0.340	2.05	0.96–4.35	0.062
	With siblings/relatives/other caregiver/in institution	2.46	1.14–5.31	0.021	3.93	1.65–9.38	0.002
Primary caregiver	Mother	1
	Father	0.80	0.22–2.94	0.738
	Grandparent	3.07	1.06–8.92	0.039
	Other relative/friend	0.92	0.45–1.91	0.826
	Institution	3.09	0.54–17.64	0.203
Mother's health status	Healthy	1
	Sick	1.66	0.49–5.60	0.416
	Deceased	1.59	0.71–3.58	0.260
	Unknown	1.10	0.28–4.24	0.894
Father's health status	Healthy	1
	Sick	1.27	0.43–3.74	0.660
	Deceased	1.78	0.82–3.85	0.142
	Unknown	2.17	0.81–5.81	0.122
Highest level of education of the caregiver	Illiterate	1
	Literate/primary school	0.77	0.32–1.83	0.550
	Secondary school	0.55	0.21–1.44	0.223
	Postsecondary school	0.49	0.17–1.45	0.197
Occupation of the caregiver	Wage-employed	1			1
	Self-employed	1.82	0.78–4.26	0.166	2.50	1.00–6.28	0.051
	None/at home/student	3.24	1.43–7.34	0.005	4.26	1.75–10.35	0.001
PMTCT experienced	Yes	1			1
	No	5.07	1.24–20.79	0.024	5.66	1.21–26.51	0.028
Time between HIV+ diagnosis and ART initiation	0–31 days	1
	>30 days	0.93	0.50–1.73	0.818
Transportation time	<1 hour	1
	1 hour or more	0.85	0.45–1.58	0.606
Transportation costs	1st quartile (UGXa 500–1500)	1			1
	2nd quartile (UGX 1500–3000)	1.07	0.51–2.23	0.857	0.96	0.43–2.14	0.915
	3rd quartile (UGX 3000–4000)	0.89	0.34–2.33	0.818	0.85	0.30–2.38	0.756
	4th quartile (UGX 4000–15000)	2.09	0.85–5.15	0.108	2.51	0.92–6.85	0.072
Waiting time at clinic	<2 hours	1
	2 hours or more	0.83	0.35–1.98	0.676

Multilevel univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with random intercepts to examine factors associated with late disease at presentation (WHO stage 3 or 4), accounting for clustering of observations within sites.

^aUGX 500 ≈ $0.18; UGX: Uganda Shilling.