Table 2.

Hierarchical analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on mtDNA and microsatellite loci for common pochard. Breeding populations (top) were grouped by four regions (Europe, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and Eastern Asia). Wintering ducks (bottom) were partitioned according to four major wintering grounds in northwestern and southeastern Europe, around the Caspian Sea, and in Eastern Asia. Numbers in brackets represent the map reference numbers (shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1) of the populations within each group

Grouping	Markers	Variation among groups (%)	Variation among populations within groups (%)	Variation within populations (%)
[Europe (1, 2, 4, 5)]	mtDNA	−0.66	8.76**	91.90
[Western Siberia (7)]	Microsatellites	0.09	1.74*	98.17
[Eastern Siberia (10)]
[Eastern Asia (14)]
[Northwestern Europe (17, 18, 19, 28)]	mtDNA	1.83	0.70	97.48
[Southeastern Europe (16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26)]	Microsatellites	0.33	0.61	99.06
[Caspian Sea (31)]
[Eastern Asia (32)]

^*P < 0.05

^**P < 0.01.