Table 1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN INDIANS WITH REGARD TO WELLNESS (N=442)
| Characteristics | Overall (n=442) | Good Wellness (n=321) | Poor Wellness (n=121) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |
| Age | 44.53 (0.77) | 43.34 (0.86) | 47.62 (1.63) | .01* |
| Annual household income | 24618.94 (1682.95) | 23312.34 (1682.86) | 29213.10 (4744.88) | .15 |
| % (n, SE) | % (n, SE) | % (n, SE) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 26.08 (115, 2.0) | 25.94 (83, 2.0) | 26.45 (32, 4.0) | .91 |
| Female | 73.92 (326, 2.0) | 74.06 (237, 2.0) | 73.55 (89, 4.0) | |
| Marital Status | .45 | |||
| Married or Living with someone | 52.55 (227, 2.0) | 53.67 (168, 3.0) | 49.58 (59, 5.0) | |
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Single | 47.45 (205, 2.0) | 46.33 (145, 3.0) | 50.42 (60, 5.0) | |
| Employed | ||||
| Yes | 62.94 (270, 2.0) | 66.56 (207, 3.0) | 53.39 (63, 5.0) | .01* |
| No | 37.06 (159, 2.0) | 33.44 (104, 3.0) | 46.61 (55, 5.0) | |
| Education | ||||
| < HS degree | 23.08 (102, 2.0) | 22.43 (72, 3.0) | 24.79 (30, 5.0) | .60 |
| ≥ HS degree | 76.92 (340, 2.0) | 77.57 (249, 3.0) | 75.21 (91, 5.0) | |
| Health | ||||
| Perception of General Health | <.0001* | |||
| Fair/poor | 20.41 (90, 2.0) | 8.75 (28, 2.0) | 51.24 (62, 5.0) | |
| Good | 38.32 (169, 2.0) | 39.06 (125, 3.0) | 36.36 (44, 4.0) | |
| Excellent/Very good | 41.27 (182, 2.0) | 52.19 (167, 3.0) | 12.40 (15, 3.0) | |
| BMI | .005* | |||
| <25: Normal | 29.09 (128, 2.0) | 31.25 (100, 3.0) | 23.33 (28, 4.0) | |
| 25–29.9: Overweight | 24.09 (106, 2.0) | 26.88 (86, 2.0) | 16.67 (20, 3.0) | |
| 30–39.9: Obese | 36.14 (159, 2.0) | 33.13 (106, 3.0) | 44.17 (53, 5.0) | |
| 40+: Morbidly Obese | 10.68 (47, 1.0) | 8.75 (28, 2.0) | 15.83 (19, 3.0) | |
| # of Days of Poor Mental Health in Last Month | ||||
| 0 | 91.55 (271, 2.0) | 93.22 (220, 2.0) | 85 (51, 5.0) | .009* |
| 1–7 | 3.72 (11, 1.0) | 3.39 (8, 1.0) | 5 (3, 3.0) | |
| 8–14 | 1.35 (4, 1.0) | 1.69 (4, 1.0) | 0 | |
| 15–30 | 3.38 (10, 1.0) | 1.69 (4, 1.0) | 10 (6, 4.0) | |
| # of Days of Poor Physical Health in Last Month | ||||
| 0 | 94.37 (218, 2.0) | 95.96 (190, 1.0) | 84.85 (28, 6.0) | .002* |
| 1–7 | 3.90 (9, 1.0) | 3.54 (7, 1.0) | 6.06 (2, 4.0) | |
| 8–14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 15–30 | 1.73 (4, 1.0) | 0.51 (1, 1.0) | 9.09 (3, 5.0) | |
| Type 2 Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 17.97 (78, 2.0) | 14.47 (46, 2.0) | 27.59 (32, 4.0) | .002* |
| No | 82.03 (356, 2.0) | 85.53 (272, 2.0) | 72.41 (84, 4.0) | |
| General Limited Activity due to Poor Health | ||||
| Yes | 28.44 (122, 2.0) | 20.95 (66, 2.0) | 49.12 (56, 5.0) | .0001* |
| No | 71.56 (307, 2.0) | 79.05 (249, 2.0) | 50.88 (58, 5.0) | |
| High Risk Behaviors | ||||
| Smoking Status | ||||
| Current | 38.04 (159, 2.0) | 39.22 (120, 3.0) | 34.82 (39, 5.0) | .28 |
| Former | 27.27 (144, 2.0) | 25.16 (77, 2.0) | 33.04 (37, 4.0) | |
| Never | 34.69 (145, 2.0) | 35.62 (109, 3.0) | 32.14 (36, 4.0) | |
| Intent to Quit Smoking (Among Current Smokers) | ||||
| Yes | 25.85 (38, 4.0) | 25.86 (30, 4.0) | 25.81 (8, 8.0) | 1.00 |
| No | 74.15 (109, 4.0) | 74.14 (86, 4.0) | 74.19 (3, 8.0) | |
| Sex Practice | ||||
| Safe | 34.78 (96, 3.0) | 37.93 (77, 3.0) | 26.03 (19, 5.0) | .07 |
| Not Safe | 65.22 (180, 3.0) | 62.07 (126, 3.0) | 73.97 (54, 5.0) | |
| Monogamous Relationships | ||||
| Yes | 80.34 (233, 2.0) | 82.86 (174, 3.0) | 73.75 (59, 5.0) | .08 |
| No | 19.66 (57, 2.0) | 17.14 (36, 3.0) | 26.25 (21, 5.0) | |
| Suicide ideation | ||||
| Yes | 20.42 (87, 2.0) | 17.25 (54, 2.0) | 29.20 (33, 4.0) | .007* |
| No | 79.58 (339, 2.0) | 82.75 (259, 2.0) | 70.80 (80, 4.0) | |
| Attempted suicide | ||||
| Yes | 7.80 (34, 1.0) | 7.23 (23, 1.0) | 9.32 (11, 3.0) | .47 |
| No | 92.20 (402, 1.0) | 92.77 (295, 1.0) | 90.68 (107, 3.0) | |
| Cultural Connectivity | ||||
| Satisfaction with religious/spiritual life | ||||
| Yes | 88.84 (374, 2.0) | 90.52 (277, 2.0) | 84.35 (97, 3.0) | .07 |
| No | 11.16 (47, 2.0) | 9.48 (29, 2.0) | 15.65 (18, 3.0) | |
| Able to speak tribal language | ||||
| Yes | 25.76(102, 2.0) | 28.97 (84, 3.0) | 16.98 (18, 4.0) | .02* |
| No | 74.26(294, 2.0) | 71.03 (206, 3.0) | 83.02 (88, 4.0) | |
| Participate in AI practices | ||||
| Yes | 57.69(255, 2.0) | 62.31 (200, 3.0) | 45.45 (55, 5.0) | .001* |
| No | 42.31(187, 2.0) | 37.69 (121, 3.0) | 54.55 (66, 5.0) | |
| Ever participated in healing ceremony | ||||
| Yes | 34.27(146, 2.0) | 32.68 (100, 3.0) | 38.33 (46, 4.0) | .27 |
| No | 65.73(280, 2.0) | 67.32 (206, 3.0) | 61.67 (74, 4.0) | |
| Active in AI community | ||||
| Yes | 62.56(264, 2.0) | 63.40 (194, 3.0) | 60.34 (70, 5.0) | .56 |
| No | 37.44(158, 2.0) | 36.60 (112, 3.0) | 39.66 (46, 5.0) | |
| Feel connected to community | ||||
| Yes | 83.64(322, 2.0) | 86.22 (244, 2.0) | 76.47 (78, 4.0) | .02* |
| No | 16.36(63, 2.0) | 13.78 (39, 2.0) | 23.53 (24, 4.0) | |
| Indian Blood Quantum | ||||
| <25% | 27.52 (82, 3.0) | 24.89 (55, 3.0) | 35.06 (27, 5.0) | |
| 25–50% | 26.51 (79, 3.0) | 28.51 (63, 3.0) | 20.78 (16, 5.0) | .24 |
| 50–75% | 23.15 (69, 2.0) | 24.43 (54, 3.0) | 19.48 (15, 5.0) | |
| 75–100% | 22.82 (68, 2.0) | 22.17 (49, 3.0) | 24.68 (19, 5.0) | |
| Enrolled in an Indian Tribe | ||||
| Yes | 87.24 (376, 2.0) | 85.90 (262, 2.0) | 89.74 (105, 3.0) | .29 |
| No | 12.76 (55, 2.0) | 14.10 (43, 2.0) | 10.26 (12, 3.0) | |
| Psycho-Social Characteristics | ||||
| Neglected—Childhood | ||||
| Yes | 17.19(71, 2.0) | 14.19 (43, 2.0) | 25.45 (28, 4.0) | .007* |
| No | 82.81(342, 2.0) | 85.81 (260, 2.0) | 74.55 (82, 4.0) | |
| Neglect—Adolescence | ||||
| Yes | 19.35(71, 2.0) | 15.56 (42, 2.0) | 29.90 (29, 5.0) | .002* |
| No | 80.65(296, 2.0) | 84.44 (228, 2.0) | 70.10 (68, 5.0) | |
| Neglect—Adult | ||||
| Yes | 13.23(52, 2.0) | 10.03 (29, 2.0) | 22.12 (23, 4.0) | .002* |
| No | 86.77(341, 2.0) | 89.97 (260, 2.0) | 77.88 (81, 4.0) | |
| Physical abuse—Childhood | ||||
| Yes | 16.43(68, 2.0) | 14.05 (42, 2.0) | 22.61 (26, 4.0) | .04* |
| No | 83.57(346, 2.0) | 85.95 (257, 2.0) | 77.39 (89, 4.0) | |
| Physical abuse—Adolescence | ||||
| Yes | 12.37(47, 2.0) | 10.58 (29, 2.0) | 16.98 (18, 4.0) | .09 |
| No | 87.63(333, 2.0) | 89.42 (245, 2.0) | 83.02 (88, 4.0) | |
| Physical abuse—Adult | ||||
| Yes | 19.46(80, 2.0) | 16.05 (48, 2.0) | 28.57 (32, 4.0) | .004* |
| No | 80.54(331, 2.0) | 83.95 (251, 2.0) | 71.43 (80, 4.0) | |
| Sexual abuse—Childhood | ||||
| Yes | 14.25(58, 2.0) | 11.74 (35, 2.0) | 21.10 (23, 4.0) | .02* |
| No | 85.75 (349, 2.0) | 88.26 (263, 2.0) | 78.90 (86, 4.0) | |
| Sexual abuse—Adolescence | ||||
| Yes | 10.55 (40, 2.0) | 9.35 (26, 2.0) | 13.86 (14, 3.0) | .21 |
| No | 89.45 (339, 2.0) | 90.65 (252, 2.0) | 86.14 (87, 3.0) | |
| Sexual abuse—Adult | ||||
| Yes | 9.42 (39, 1.0) | 6.93 (21, 1.0) | 16.22 (18, 3.0) | .004* |
| No | 90.58 (375, 1.0) | 93.07 (282, 1.0) | 83.78 (93, 3.0) |
*
Significant difference between classifiers based on Chi-square test (categorical/binary variables) or two-sample independent t-test (continuous variables) at alpha = 0.05.