Table 1.

Genomic control (λ) based on association testing of all common variants (MAF ≥ 0.01)

Trait	No ethnicity adjustment		Ethnicity (dummy variables)		Principal components
	Replicate 1	Replicate 100	Replicate 1	Replicate 100	Replicate 1	Replicate 100
Q1	2.525	2.654	1.649	1.639	1.040	1.086
Q4	0.915	0.916	1.011	0.964	0.966	0.929

All models were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking with columns representing different ethnicity adjustments.