Table 2.
Frequency (%) of clinical signs and symptoms among low, intermediate, and high height and stair-related falls in infants and toddlers.
| 2A. Low Height Falls (≤ 3 ft) |
0 to 12 mos (n=67) |
12 to 48 mos (n=31) |
|---|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Injury (STI) | 84 | 42 |
| Skull Fracture (Fx) | 73 | 23 |
| Skull fx w/o STI | 5 | 0 |
| Multiple Skull Fx | 8 | 0 |
| No STI and No Skull Fx (no evidence of Impact) | 12 | 58 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury | 55 | 42 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury w/o Skull Fx | 12 | 23 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury with Skull fx | 43 | 19 |
| No STI, No Skull Fx w/Primary Brain Injury | 6 | 16 |
| Secondary Intracranial Injury | 5 | 0 |
| ISS (range, median) |
11.1 ± 0.8 (0–26, 9) |
8.8 ± 1.2 (0–20, 9) |
| GCS (range, median) |
14.2 ± 2.3 (3–15, 15) |
14.3 ± 2.4 (3–15, 15) |
| 2B. Intermediate Height Falls (>3 ft, <10 ft) |
0 to 12 mos (n=51) |
12 to 48 mos (n=45) |
|---|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Injury (STI) | 86 | 64 |
| Skull Fracture (Fx) | 69 | 49 |
| Skull fx w/o STI | 4 | 13 |
| Multiple Skull Fx | 10 | 0 |
| No STI and No Skull Fx (no evidence of Impact) | 8 | 22 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury | 49 | 36 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury w/o Skull Fx | 14 | 9 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury with Skull fx | 35 | 27 |
| No STI, No Skull Fx w/ Primary Intracranial Injury | 2 | 0 |
| Secondary Intracranial Injury | 2 | 2 |
| ISS (range, median) |
10.2 ± 0.9 (0–25, 9) |
9.8 ± 1.0 (0–30, 9) |
| GCS (range, median) |
14.5 ± 2.1 (3–15, 15) |
14.2 ± 2.3 (3–15, 15) |
| 2C. Stairs | 0 to 12 mos (n=37) |
12 to 48 mos (n=30) |
|---|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Injury (STI) | 78 | 57 |
| Skull Fracture (Fx) | 73 | 33 |
| Skull fx w/o STI | 8 | 7 |
| Multiple Skull Fx | 8 | 0 |
| No STI and No Skull Fx (no evidence of Impact) | 14 | 37 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury | 60 | 30 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury w/o Skull Fx | 3 | 7 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury with Skull fx | 57 | 23 |
| No STI, No Skull Fx w/ Primary Intracranial Injury | 0 | 0 |
| Secondary Intracranial Injury | 5 | 0 |
| ISS (range, median) |
10.1 ± 1.1 (0–26, 9) |
8.0 ± 1.3 (0–20, 5) |
| GCS (range, median) |
13.8 ± 2.8 (3–15, 15) |
14.0 ± 2.4 (6–15, 15) |
| 2D. Infant Falls | ≤ 3 ft (n=67) |
> 3 ft, <10 ft (n=51) |
Stairs (n=37) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Injury (STI) | 84 | 86 | 78 |
| Skull Fracture (Fx) | 73 | 69 | 73 |
| Skull fx w/o STI | 5 | 4 | 8 |
| Multiple Skull Fx | 8 | 10 | 8 |
| No STI and No Skull Fx (no evidence of Impact) | 12 | 8 | 14 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury | 55 | 49 | 60 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury w/o Skull Fx | 12 | 14 | 3 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury with Skull fx | 43 | 35 | 57 |
| No STI, No Skull Fx w/Primary Intracranial Injury | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| Secondary Intracranial Injury | 5 | 2 | 5 |
| ISS (range, median) |
11.1 ± 0.8 (0–26, 9) |
10.2 ± 0.9 (0–25, 9) |
10.1 ± 1.1 (0–26, 9) |
| GCS (range, median) |
14.2 ± 2.3 (3–15, 15) |
14.5 ± 2.1 (3–15, 15) |
13.8 ± 2.8 (3–15, 15) |
| 2E. Toddler Falls | ≤3 ft (n=31) |
> 3 ft, <10 ft (n=45) |
>10 ft (n=22) |
Stairs (n=30) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft Tissue Injury (STI) | 42 | 64 | 68 | 57 |
| Skull Fracture (Fx) | 23 | 49 | 50 | 33 |
| Skull fx w/o STI | 0 | 13 | 9 | 7 |
| Multiple Skull Fx | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| No STI and No Skull Fx (no evidence of Impact) | 58 | 22 | 23 | 37* |
| Primary Intracranial Injury | 42 | 36 | 31 | 30 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury w/o Skull Fx | 22.6 | 8.9 | 4.6 | 6.7 |
| Primary Intracranial Injury with Skull fx | 19 | 27 | 27 | 23 |
| No STI, No Skull Fx w/Primary Intracranial Injury | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Secondary Intracranial Injury | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 |
| ISS (range, median) |
8.8 ± 1.2 (0–20, 9) |
9.8 ± 1.0 (0–30, 9) |
11.6 ± 1.5 (1–30, 8.5) |
8.0 ± 1.3 (0–20, 5) |
| GCS (range, median) |
14.3 ± 2.4 (3–15, 15) |
14.2 ± 2.3 (3–15, 15) |
12.9 4.2 (3–15, 15) |
14.0 ± 2.4 (6–15, 15) |
Shaded boxes indicate values that are significantly (p<0.05) higher than all the other values in the same row except the toddler stair fall indicated with a *, which denotes a value that was not significantly different from the shaded box. ISS presented as mean ± S.E.M.