Table 3. Predictors of High Inpatient Costs (Upper 5%) in the Year After the Index Admission.
| Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 65-69 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| 70-74 | 0.77 (0.68-0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.69-0.91) | < 0.001 |
| 75-79 | 0.59 (0.51-0.67) | < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.54-0.71) | < 0.001 |
| ≥80 | 0.25 (0.22-0.29) | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.25-0.33) | < 0.001 |
| Women | 0.80 (0.73-0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.87-1.06) | 0.45 |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 2.15 (1.88-2.45) | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.48-1.96) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Medical history | ||||
| Anemia | 1.45 (1.29-1.62) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.05-1.34) | 0.006 |
| Atrial arrhythmia | 0.75 (0.68-0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.82-1.01) | 0.07 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.22 (1.11-1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.05-1.30) | 0.003 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 2.12 (1.92-2.35) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.96-1.25) | 0.16 |
| Coronary artery disease/ischemic heart disease | 1.27 (1.16-1.39) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.04-1.26) | 0.007 |
| Depression | 1.05 (0.90-1.23) | 0.50 | 1.05 (0.90-1.24) | 0.52 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.68 (1.53-1.84) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.05-1.28) | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.23 (1.12-1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | 0.47 |
| Hypertension | 1.17 (1.05-1.30) | 0.004 | 1.01 (0.91-1.14) | 0.80 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.41 (1.24-1.59) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.00-1.29) | 0.05 |
| Prior cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack | 0.97 (0.85-1.09) | 0.57 | 0.94 (0.83-1.06) | 0.32 |
| Smoker within the past year | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 0.01 | 0.90 (0.77-1.06) | 0.22 |
| Findings on admission | ||||
| Systolic function | ||||
| Preserved systolic function | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Left ventricular systolic dysfunction | 1.07 (0.97-1.18) | 0.18 | 0.99 (0.89-1.10) | 0.82 |
| Missing | 1.13 (0.98-1.30) | 0.09 | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 0.13 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | ||||
| < 1.5 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| 1.5-<2.0 | 1.32 (1.16-1.50) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.10-1.44) | < 0.001 |
| ≥2.0 | 2.93 (2.64-3.25) | < 0.001 | 2.34 (2.05-2.67) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 1.15 (0.57-2.35) | 0.70 | 1.20 (0.57-2.55) | 0.63 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| < 120 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| ≥ 120 and < 140 | 1.10 (0.96-1.25) | 0.17 | 1.18 (1.03-1.35) | 0.02 |
| ≥ 140 and < 160 | 1.04 (0.90-1.19) | 0.61 | 1.10 (0.96-1.27) | 0.19 |
| ≥ 160 | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 0.02 | 1.18 (1.02-1.35) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 0.99 (0.48-2.07) | 0.99 | 1.30 (0.63-2.68) | 0.48 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | ||||
| < 135 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| ≥ 135 and < 145 | 1.15 (1.02-1.30) | 0.02 | 1.13 (1.00-1.29) | 0.05 |
| ≥ 145 | 1.05 (0.82-1.34) | 0.71 | 1.00 (0.78-1.30) | 0.97 |
| Missing | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | 0.35 | 0.90 (0.50-1.63) | 0.73 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||||
| < 9 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| ≥ 9 and < 12 | 0.98 (0.81-1.17) | 0.79 | 1.14 (0.94-1.38) | 0.18 |
| ≥ 12 | 0.67 (0.56-0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.75-1.13) | 0.43 |
| Missing | 0.64 (0.45-0.89) | 0.009 | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) | 0.26 |
| Length of index stay >7 days | 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.99-1.23) | 0.08 |
| Index year | ||||
| 2003 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| 2004 | 1.13 (1.00-1.29) | 0.06 | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 0.02 |
| 2005 | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) | 0.36 | 1.15 (0.95-1.39) | 0.16 |
| 2006 | 1.04 (0.86-1.24) | 0.70 | 1.17 (0.97-1.40) | 0.11 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
The multivariable model includes all of the variables listed.