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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Dec 8;60(2):328–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03766.x

Table 1.

Mean unadjusted and adjusted MMSE scores by diagnostic status and ethnic group.

Caucasian African American
Mean ± Standard
Deviation		 Mean ± Standard
Deviation		 t p
All Participants
  MMSE 25.3 ± 5.37 23.0 ± 7.44 6.11 <.001
  MMSEAdj1 25.0 ± 5.39 23.1 ± 6.69 5.59 <.001
  MMSEAdj2 25.1 ± 5.31 23.3 ± 6.89 5.08 <.001
  MMSEAdj3 26.1 ± 4.20 27.0 ± 3.98 −3.50 <.001
Cognitively Normal
  MMSE 28.2 ± 1.60 27.3 ± 1.95 7.85 <.001
  MMSEAdj1 27.8 ± 2.05 26.9 ± 2.11 7.09 <.001
  MMSEAdj2 27.9 ± 1.77 27.3 ± 1.89 5.16 <.001
  MMSEAdj3 28.3 ± 1.75 28.4 ± 1.98 −0.35 .724
Dementia
  MMSE 20.3 ± 5.77 14.0 ± 6.48 11.05 <.001
  MMSEAdj1 20.3 ± 5.93 15.3 ± 6.12 9.45 <.001
  MMSEAdj2 20.4 ± 5.83 15.1 ± 6.11 10.11 <.001
  MMSEAdj3 22.7 ± 4.59 20.6 ± 4.67 3.32 <.001

Note. MMSEAdj1 = Age and education (years) adjustment based on Mungas et al.5; MMSEAdj2 = age and education (years) adjustment based on Mayo Clinic sample; MMSEAdj3 = age and quality of education (reading score) adjustment based on Mayo Clinic sample.