Table 1.

Molecular targets of curcumin

Transcription factors	Inflammatory mediators
Activating transcription factor-3 ↓	C-reactive protein ↓
Activator protein-1 ↓	Interleukin-1β ↓
β-catenin ↓	Interleukin-2 ↓
CREB-binding protein ↓	Interleukin-5 ↓
C/EBP homologous protein ↓	Interleukin-6 ↓
Electrophile response element ↑	Interleukin-8 ↓
Early growth response gene-1 ↓	Interleukin-12 ↓
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α↓	Interleukin-18 ↓
Nuclear factor κ-B ↓	Interferon-γ ↓
Notch-1 ↓	Inducible nitric oxide synthase ↓
NFE2 related factor ↑	5-Lipoxygenase ↓
p53↑	Monocyte chemoattractant protein ↓
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor -γ ↑	Migration inhibition protein ↓
Specificity protein-1 ↓	Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α↓
STAT-1 ↓	Prostate specific antigen ↓
STAT-3 ↓
STAT-4 ↓	Protein kinases
STAT-5 ↓	Autophosphorylation-activated protein kinase ↓
Wilms' tumor gene 1 ↓	Ca2+, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C ↓
	c-jun N-terminal kinase ↓
Enzymes	cAMP-dependent protein kinase ↓
Acetylcholinesterase ↓	CSN-associated kinase ↓
Aldose reductase ↓	EGF receptor-kinase ↓
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases-1 ↓	Extracellular receptor kinase ↓
Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme-1 ↓	Focal adhesion kinase ↓
CD13 ↓	IL-1 receptor-associated kinase ↓
DNA polymerase I ↓	IκB kinase ↓
DNA topoisomerase-II ↓	Janus kinase ↓
GTPase (microtubule assembly) ↓	Mitogen-activated protein kinase ↓
Glutathione reductase ↓	pp60c-src tyrosine kinase ↓
Glutathione-peroxidase ↓	Phosphorylase kinase ↓
Glutathione S-transferase ↑	Protein kinase A ↓
Hemeoxygenase-1 ↑	PI3K-Akt ↓
Ca2+-dependent ATPase ↓	Protamine kinase ↓
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase ↓
17β-HSD3 ↓	Drug resistance proteins
Ornithine decarboxylase ↓	Multi-drug resistance protein-1 ↓
Monoamine oxidase ↓	Multi-drug resistance protein-2 ↓
NADP(H):quinoneoxidoreductase -1 ↓
Phospholipase D ↓	Adhesion molecules
Thioredoxinreductase 1 ↓	Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ↓
Telomerase ↓	Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 ↓
Ubiquitin isopeptidases ↓	Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ↓
Growth factors	Cell-survival proteins
Connective tissue growth factor ↓	B-cell lymphoma protein-xL ↓
Epidermal growth factor ↓	Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein ↓
Fibroblast growth factor ↓	Inhibitory apoptosis protein ↓
HER2 ↓	X-linked IAP ↓
Hepatocyte growth factor ↓
Platelet derived growth factor ↓	Chemokines and chemokine receptor
Tissue factor ↓	Chemokine ligand 1 ↓
Transforming growth factor-β1 ↓	Chemokine ligand 2 ↓
	Chemokine receptors 4 ↓
Receptors	Invasion and angiogenesis biomarkers
Androgen receptor ↓	Matrix metalloproteinase-9 ↓
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ↓	Urokinase-type plasminogen activator ↓
Death receptor-5 ↓	Vascular endothelial growth factor ↓
EGF-receptor ↓
Endothelial protein C-receptor ↓	Others
Estrogen receptor-α ↓	cAMP response element binding protein ↓
Fas ↑	DNA fragmentation factor 40-kD subunit ↑
Histamine (2)- receptor ↓	Fibrinogen ↓
Interleukin 8-receptor ↓	Ferritin H and L ↓
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor ↓	Heat-shock protein 70 ↑
Integrin receptor ↓	Iron regulatory protein ↓
Low density lipoprotein-receptor ↑	Prion fibril ↓
Transferrin receptor 1 ↓
Cell-cycle regulatory proteins
Cyclin D1 ↓
Cyclin E ↓
c-Myc ↓
p21 ↓

17β-HSD3,17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3; Akt, AKT8 virus oncogenecellular homolog; APP, amyloid precursor protein; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclicadenosine monophosphate; CD, cluster of differentiation; CSN, COP9 signalosome; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FLICE, FADD like interleukin-1- β-converting enzyme; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; HER2, human EGF receptor 2; IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis; IL, interleukin; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NFE2, nuclear factor-erythroid 2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription protein.