Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011 Dec 22;31(2):121–135. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.12.001

Figure 5.

Figure 5

A2PE and all-trans-retinal dimer synthesis: modulating factors. Reaction mixtures of all-trans-retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Presented as equivalent ratios. A. A2PE formation when concentration of all-trans-retinal is varied. B. A2PE formation when concentration of PE is varied. C. All-trans-retinal dimer synthesis with varying PE concentration. D. A2PE yield using egg yolk-PE versus docosahexaenoic-PE (DHA-PE) as precursor. E. A2PE yield with varying levels of egg-PE and in the presence/absence of free DHA fatty acid (8 equivalents). F. A2PE yield is facilitated in presence of triethylamine; all-trans-retinal:PE ratio was 4:2. Synthetic reaction mixtures were prepared in chloroform/methanol (3:1) at 37°C. G. Detection of NRPE, all-trans-retinal dimer (atRAL-dimer) and A2PE by HPLC analysis (C4 column). Quantitation by integrating chromatographic peak areas. DHA-PE, 1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. Major fatty acids in egg yolk-PE are 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4 and 22:6.