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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 Nov 2;40(2):516–533. doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0454-7

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Cellular mechanisms of LLLT. Schematic diagram showing the absorption of red or near infrared (NIR) light by specific cellular chromophores or photoacceptors localized in the mitochondrial. During this process in mitochondria respiration chain ATP production will increase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated; nitric oxide is released or generated. These cytosolic responses may in turn induce transcriptional changes via activation of transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB and AP1).