Table 1.
Impact of total (upper panel) and partial sleep deprivation (lower panel) on glucose metabolism
| Outcome measure | Studies with positive effect reported |
Studies with no effect reported |
|---|---|---|
| Total sleep deprivation | ||
| Increased fasting glucosea | ||
| Number of studies | 1 [200] | 5 [5, 86, 143, 195, 204] |
| Number of subjects | 7 M | 75 M |
| Duration of forced wakefulness |
120 h | 24–126 h |
| Decreased glucose toleranceb | ||
| Number of studies | 2 [5, 86] | 2 [195, 204] |
| Number of subjects | 42 M | 23 M |
| Duration of forced wakefulness |
24–126 h | 24–60 h |
| Insulin resistancec | ||
| Number of studies | 3 [5, 57, 195] | 2 [143, 204] |
| Number of subjects | 38 (31 M, 7 F) | 23 M |
| Duration of forced wakefulness |
24–60 h | 24 |
| Beta-cell dysfunctiond | ||
| Number of studies | 1 [5] | – |
| Number of subjects | 14 M | |
| Duration of forced wakefulness |
24 h | |
| Altered alpha-cell functione | ||
| Number of studies | 1 [143] | – |
| Number of subjects | 10 M | |
| Duration of forced wakefulness |
24 h | |
| Partial sleep deprivation | ||
| Decreased glucose tolerancef | ||
| Number of studies | 6 [16, 91, 115, 147, 159, 164] |
2[11, 217] |
| Number of subjects | 81 (74 M, 7 F) | 36 (22 M, 14 F) |
| Average TIB duration (range) | 5 h (4–5.5) | 7 h (5.25–7.7 h) |
| Average duration of sleep restriction (range) |
6 nights (1–14) | 1 night– 8 weeks |
| Insulin resistanceg | ||
| Number of studies | 7 [16, 41, 91, 115, 147, 159, 194] |
3[11, 145, 217] |
| Number of subjects | 93 (82 M, 11 F) | 46 (16 M, 30 F) |
| Average TIB duration (range) | 5 h (4–5.5) | 7.5 h (4–7.7) |
| Average duration of sleep restriction (range) |
6 nights (1–14) | 1 night– 8 weeks |
| Beta-cell dysfunctionh | ||
| Number of studies | 5 [16, 91, 115, 159, 164] |
2[11, 147] |
| Number of subjects | 29 (15 M, 14 F) | 14 F |
| Average TIB duration (range) | 5 h (4.25–5.75) | 5.75 h |
| Average duration of sleep restriction (range) |
3 days (2–4) | 4 nights |
| Altered alpha-cell functioni | ||
| Number of studies | 2 [145, 147] | – |
| Number of subjects | 25 M | |
| Average TIB duration (range) | 4.4 h (4.25–4.5 h) | |
| Average duration of sleep restriction (range) |
1.5 nights (1–2) |
Increased fasting glucose was defined by an increase in morning glucose levels after an overnight fast
Decreased glucose tolerance was defined by an increased response of glucose to OGTT or to a standardized breakfast
Insulin resistance was defined by an increased insulin response to OGTT or by increased steady-state glucose levels during an insulin suppression test modified with octreotide
Beta-cell dysfunction was defined by increased glucose levels and lack of concomitant compensatory increase in insulin response to standardized breakfast
Altered alpha-cell function was defined by an increased relative response of glucagon during a stepwise hypoglycemic clamp
Decreased glucose tolerance was defined by an increased glucose response to OGTT or standardized breakfast and/or a slower rate of decline of glucose levels during ivGTT or increased glucose levels during constant-rate i.v. glucose infusion
Insulin resistance was defined by decreased SI assessed by HEC, or decreased SI assessed by ivGTT, or increased insulin response to OGTT or standardized breakfast in the face of similar or reduced glucose tolerance, or increased HOMA-IR index, or increased fasting insulin/glucose ratio
Beta-cell dysfunction was defined by decreased AIRg at ivGTT, or decreased insulin levels during constant glucose infusion, or unchanged insulin response in the face of increased glucose response to standardized breakfast
Altered alpha-cell function was defined by a decreased response of glucagon during a stepwise hypoglycemic clamp or after a standardized breakfast
OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test, ivGTT intravenous glucose tolerance test, HEC hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance, AIRg acute insulin response to glucose