Figure 2.
Human natural infection presents a clinical spectrum (from chronic and recurrent lesions to asymptomatic infection) characterized by an immune response constituted by a mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. (A) Cytokine production by PBMC from patients with active chronic (CH) and recurrent disease (RE), asymptomatically infected individuals (AS) and healthy controls (HC). ANOVA (p < 0.001 for all cytokines) and Duncan’s test for multiple comparison, *p < 0.01. (B) Regression analyses of cytokine responses across the spectrum of disease caused by L. (V.) panamensis. Regression analyses of cytokine production were conducted only in infected individuals (chronic, recurrent and asymptomatic) using Pearson correlation analysis. p-Values of less than 0.05 are considered significant.