Table 3.

Prospective cohort studies on association between dairy intake and blood pressure change or hypertension risk

Author (year), quality	Design/cohort	Outcomes measured	Duration	Findings	Adjustments
Alonso et al. [45•] (2009)	ARIC study subgroup:	Association between dairy product intake and changes in BP over time assessed by general linear models for repeated measures	9-year follow-up	↑ SBP 2.7 mm Hg less (95% CI, −0.3 to 6.0) in whites consuming>3 low-fat milk servings/day vs those consuming<1 serving/week (P for trend=0.01), NS: DBP	Independent variables: age, sex, study center, BMI, waist/hip, physical activity, smoking, total energy, alcohol, Na, K, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and study visit
Methodologically strong	6912 Caucasian and 1296 African American normotensive men and women			For African-Americans, whole-fat or low-fat dairy NS: DBP or DBP
	Aged 45–64 years
	United States
Alonso et al. [31•] (2010)	ARIC study:	Baseline cross-sectional	Baseline	3345 diagnoses of HTN	Initial model included quintiles of P intake, with age, sex, and race as adjustment variables
Methodologically strong	15,792 men and women	SBP and DBP longitudinal prospective	Average 6.2- year follow-up combined cohort	Phosphorous (P) inversely associated with ↓ HTN risk (HR: 0.80 [95% CI, 0.80–1.00]; P trend=0.02); adjustment non-dietary (HR 1.01 [95% CI, 0.82–1.23], P trend=0.88	2nd model: study site, BMI, waist circumference, education, income, physical activity, glomerular filtration rate, cigarettes, alcohol, and energy intake
	White and African American	Association of phosphorous intake and HTN risk hazard ratio		P from dairy but not other sources associated with ↓ baseline BP and ↓ HTN risk	3rd model: Ca, K, Mg, Na, vitamin D, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
	Aged 45–64 years			HR: 0.86 [95% CI, 0.76–0.97]; P trend=0.01) for P from dairy and 1.04 (95% CI, 0.93–1.17; P trend=0.48) for P from other foods
	United States
	MESA Study:
	6814 men and women
	White, African American, Hispanic, and Chinese American
	Aged 45–84 y
	United States
Toledo et al. [50•] (2010)	SUN study cohort:	Cohort assessed on adherence to 15 different healthy food patterns with score	4.6-year follow-up	640 diagnoses of HTN	Cox regression model adjusted for age and sex
Methodologically strong	10,800 men and women initially free of hypertension	Measured HR for HTN risk according to adherence to diet pattern		Higher adherence to DASH associated with ↓ HTN risk; HR=0.48 (95% CI, 0.21–1.09), P trend=0.02	2nd model adjusted for BMI, family history of HTN, energy intake, smoking, physical activity
	Age 25–54 years			No association between other diet patterns and risk
	Spain

BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; HTN hypertension; NS not significant; SBP systolic blood pressure