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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2011 Dec 1;5(4):252–261. doi: 10.1007/s12281-011-0064-8

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Immune responses to Cryptococcus. a Myeloid dendritic cells (DC) recognize Cryptococcus neoformans pathogen-associated molecular patterns via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and pinocytosis of soluble antigen, initiating inflammatory signaling. b DCs communicate with naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes (Th0), leading to differentiation of type-1 helper T cells (Th1). c Th1 CD4+ lymphocytes classically activate macrophages (MΦ) via IFN-γ. Macrophages upregulate reactive oxygen species and kill C. neoformans within phagosomes. GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL interleukin; TNF tumor necrosis factor.