TABLE 3.
Twelve-Month Changes in BMI and Secondary Health Outcomes
| Measure | Full Intervention (n = 105) | Usual Care (n = 103) | Wald χ2 | Group × Time P value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 mo | 12 mo | Baseline | 6 mo | 12 mo | |||||||
| Main outcome measure | n = 105 | n = 100 | n = 90 | n = 103 | n = 95 | n = 83 | ||||||
| Weight, lb | 189.68 (33.47) | 190.05 (35.46) | 194.56 (38.20) | 186.43 (34.39) | 190.01 (37.32) | 193.50 (37.35) | 8.40 | 0.015 | ||||
| BMI percentile | 97.09 (2.27) | 95.80 (4.22) | 95.19 (6.79) | 97.10 (2.29) | 96.50 (2.91) | 96.28 (3.31) | 5.41 | 0.067 | ||||
| BMI z score | 2.00 (0.34) | 1.88 (0.41) | 1.85 (0.46) | 2.00 (0.33) | 1.94 (0.38) | 1.92 (0.39) | 8.77 | 0.012 | ||||
| Secondary outcome: metabolic (mg/dL) | n = 84 | n = 74 | n = 69 | n = 62 | n = 42 | n = 48 | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 160.79 (35.25) | 159.34 (30.98) | 159.80 (30.36) | 156.79 (27.77) | 160.52 (24.51) | 157.35 (19.92) | 0.00 | 0.977 | ||||
| HDL | 42.51 (7.96) | 43.15 (8.52) | 43.10 (7.21) | 42.23 (7.53) | 44.33 (8.53) | 44.85 (9.14) | 1.46 | 0.227 | ||||
| LDL | 96.89 (31.42) | 95.76 (26.51) | 95.96 (26.24) | 93.52 (21.85) | 94.76 (20.57) | 91.40 (19.52) | 0.21 | 0.647 | ||||
| Triglycerides | 107.11 (57.69) | 102.12 (52.24) | 102. 28 (56.07) | 105.18 (65.30) | 106.88 (58.23) | 105.52 (57.10) | 0.03 | 0.872 | ||||
| Fasting glucose | 90.51 (14.58) | 83.39 (8.23) | 84.33 (12.95) | 88.74 (7.68) | 82.67 (8.88) | 85.42 (6.91) | 1.15 | 0.283 | ||||
| Secondary outcome: psychosocial | n = 105 | n = 104 | n = 85 | n = 103 | n = 102 | n = 76 | ||||||
| Self-esteem (RSE) | 2.39 (0.26) | 2.40 (0.25) | 2.45 (0.26) | 2.41 (0.27) | 2.39 (0.25) | 2.40 (0.24) | 2.58 | 0.275 | ||||
| Body satisfaction (BSS) | 2.50 (0.64) | 2.83 (0.75) | 2.93 (0.66) | 2.54 (0.67) | 2.75 (0.74) | 2.74 (0.74) | 7.29 | 0.026 | ||||
| Appearance attitudes (SATAQ-3) | 3.03 (0.98) | 2.36 (1.09) | 2.18 (0.93) | 2.89 (0.95) | 2.50 (1.02) | 2.43 (0.96) | 7.97 | 0.019 | ||||
| Quality of life (PedsQL) | 71.12 (16.22) | 77.63 (13.54) | 77.80 (13.79) | 68.81 (16.55) | 73.90 (14.64) | 71.67 (16.39) | 1.73 | 0.189 | ||||
| % with disordered eating (QEWP-A) | 12.38% | 2.24% | 0.00% | 12.75% | 4.82% | 1.32% | 1.17 | 0.280 | ||||
| % with mood disorder (PHQ-A) | 9.52% | 4.49% | 7.32% | 11.76% | 6.02% | 5.26% | 0.83 | 0.362 | ||||
| Secondary outcomes: health behaviors | ||||||||||||
| Screen time, h/wk | 30.54 (14.91) | 25.44 (12.84) | 26.35 (14.04) | 32.23 (15.435) | 28.30 (14.34) | 26.31 (14.23) | 2.14 | 0.343 | ||||
| Physical activity, min/day (PAR) | 55.35 (51.81) | 64.77 (67.60) | — | 49.68 (39.47) | 56.39 (53.12) | — | 0.14 | 0.705 | ||||
| Average total MET/day (PAR)a | 4.28 (3.97) | 4.84 (5.11) | — | 3.80 (3.13) | 4.47 (4.82) | — | 0.02 | 0.889 | ||||
| Eat breakfast, day/wk | 4.86 (2.47) | 5.07 (2.29) | 5.58 (2.11) | 4.17 (2.60) | 4.39 (2.56) | 4.19 (2.69) | 2.27 | 0.322 | ||||
| Family meals, times/wk | 3.85 (2.55) | 3.76 (2.55) | 3.51 (2.60) | 4.34 (2.51) | 3.23 (2.57) | 3.29 (2.49) | 7.15 | 0.028 | ||||
| Fast-food, times/wk | 1.17 (1.06) | 1.18 (1.32) | 1.00 (1.01) | 1.27 (1.12) | 1.08 (1.17) | 1.55 (1.39) | 7.70 | 0.021 | ||||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages/sodas (times/wk) | 1.10 (1.43) | 0.92 (0.89) | 0.97 (1.18) | 1.48 (1.68) | 1.09 (1.16) | 1.22 (1.57) | 2.76 | 0.252 | ||||
| Total kcal/day (ESHA) | 1601.36 (452.73) | 1361.32 (412.14) | — | 1593.95 (502.92) | 1425.00 (458.72) | — | 0.97 | 0.325 | ||||
| % of calories from fat (24-h dietary recall) | 32.53 | 32.54 | — | 32.78 | 33.77 | — | 0.59 | 0.441 | ||||
| Other | ||||||||||||
| Use of professional weight management services during previous 6 mo, % | 35.24 | 16.48 | 16.67 | 19.42 | 18.07 | 12.00 | 3.56 | 0.169 | ||||
Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. BSS, Body Satisfaction Scale; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent; PAR, physical activity recall; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; SATAQ, Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale.
a
MET is equivalent to a metabolic rate consuming 1 calorie per kilogram of body weight per hour; http://www.sizes.com/units/metequiv.htm.