Table 1. Examples of sexually dimorphic traits that might influence parasite evolution.

Sexually Dimorphic Traits	Implications for Parasites	Examples
Sex-specific tissue	- Parasite adaptation to the tissue only present in one host sex (e.g., ovarian parasites of fish [49] and testicular parasites of fish [50]).	- Primary sexual traits.
Sex-specific properties of tissue	- Parasite adaptation to the specific host properties of a tissue existing in both host sexes. This may results in specific parasite communities adapted to the sex-specific properties (e.g., different microbial community on hands of different sexes [68]).	- Different skin properties (e.g., men sweating more than women [69]).- Differences in diet with implication on digestive apparatus (e.g., American bison males eat relatively more C4 plants and females more C3 plants [40]).
Sex-specific need/metabolism	- Parasite adaptation to resources available in each sex.	- Males with wings and females wingless (e.g., Velvet ants [70] might have different physiology and different needs.- Differences in diet for different needs (e.g., male capucin monkeys eating more animals than females [41]).