Table 3. Associations between Parental Substance-related Impairment ,Treatment History and Parenting Items.

Parenting Items1	Among all probands raised by biological mothers (N=5510)			Among all probands raised by biological fathers (N=3681)
	Maternal Substance Impairment		OR2 [95%CI] p	Paternal Substance Impairment		OR2 [95%CI] p
	No	Yes		No	Yes
Positive relationship	86.6	57.7	0.24 [0.17-0.33] p<0.001	82.5	53.7	0.27 [0.22-0.35] p<0.001
High level of understanding	82.3	57.2	0.34 [0.25-0.47] p<0.001	68.8	42.0	0.36 [0.28-0.45] p<0.001
High level of confiding	75.2	49.8	0.38 [0.28-0.52] p<0.001	58.9	34.7	0.40 [0.32-0.51] p<0.001
High level of overprotectiveness	64.1	42.8	0.43 [0.32-0.58] p<0.001	56.2	52.9	0.85 [0.67-1.08] p=0.185
High level of babying	43.2	28.2	0.60 [0.44-0.83] p=0.002	32.0	29.1	0.84 [0.65-1.09] p=0.207
High level of effort	95.3	75.3	0.17 [0.11-0.25] p<0.001	87.7	66.3	0.28 [0.22-0.36] p<0.001
High level of restrictiveness	61.5	56.6	0.81 [0.59−1.11] p=0.195	57.3	50.7	0.75[0.60-0.94] p=0.016
High level of strictness	75.6	62.0	0.54 [0.39-0.75] p<0.001	78.5	68.7	0.60 [0.47-0.76] p<0.001
High level of consistency	86.1	67.7	0.35 [0.25-0.49] p<0.001	84.4	70.6	0.47 [0.36-0.61] p<0.001

¹Estimates are weighted (subsample sizes are indicated in parentheses).

²All models control for probands age, race/ethnicity, gender, and level of education.