Table 2.
Prevalence of health indicators by quartile of language-based acculturation in Puerto Rican adults
| Health indicator | Language-based Acculturation Quartile
|
Chi-square or P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Obesitya (%) | |||||
| Model 1b | 60.4w | 52.6wx | 54.8wx | 48.7x | 0.06 |
| Model 2c | 61.2 | 53.3 | 54.9 | 49.8 | 0.08 |
| Central obesityd (%) | |||||
| Model 1 | 67.8 | 67.0 | 60.5 | 60.3 | 0.05 |
| Model 2 | 69.5 | 68.4 | 61.0 | 60.3 | 0.02 |
| Type 2 diabetese (%) | |||||
| Model 1 | 40.9 | 43.3 | 39.8 | 35.5 | 0.26 |
| Model 2 | 42.4 | 44.3 | 39.4 | 36.4 | 0.26 |
| Hypertensionf (%) | |||||
| Model 1 | 71.9 | 69.7 | 70.9 | 66.5 | 0.58 |
| Model 2 | 72.8 | 71.1 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 0.66 |
| Depressive symptomsg (%) | |||||
| Model 1 | 58.0wx | 61.4w | 53.9wx | 47.6x | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | 56.7 | 58.9 | 53.8 | 49.7 | 0.15 |
| Perceived stressh (mean ± SE) | |||||
| Model 1 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.7 ± 0.5 | 23.4 ± 0.5 | 21.9 ± 0.6 | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 23.0 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.5 | 23.4 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.6 | 0.31 |
| Perceived health status (%) | |||||
| Excellent | 2.3 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 6.8 | <0.0001 |
| Very good | 3.1 | 2.9 | 6.6 | 12.2 | |
| Good | 14.7 | 13.5 | 17.5 | 29.9 | |
| Fair | 67.8 | 64.7 | 56.3 | 39.8 | |
| Poor | 12.0 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 11.2 | |
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and poverty status.
Central obesity was defined as waist circumference > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women.
Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L) and/or diabetes medication use (38).
Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or use of anti-hypertensive medications (37).
“Depressive symptoms” was defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥16 (39).
“Perceived stress” scale scores ranged from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress (40).