. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Jan;112(1):64–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.049

Table 3.

Dietary characteristics by quartile of language-based acculturation in Puerto Rican adults

Dietary Variable^b	Language-based Acculturation Quartile^a				P for trend
Dietary Variable^b	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P for trend
Total energy (kcal/d)	2200 ± 60.4	2286 ± 51.0	2327 ± 51.0	2177 ± 55.4	0.67
Protein (g/d)	92.5 ± 1.2	92.4 ± 1.0	90.6 ± 1.0	93.2 ± 1.1	0.95
Carbohydrate (g/d)	267 ± 3.0	270 ± 2.6	267 ± 2.6	269 ± 2.8	0.59
Total fat (g/d)	79.3 ± 1.0	78.8 ± 0.8	78.1 ± 0.8	78.1 ± 0.9	0.40
Saturated fat	23.4 ± 0.4^wx	23.4 ± 0.4^w	23.7 ± 0.4^wx	24.8 ± 0.4^x	0.03
PUFA^c	21.8 ± 0.4^w	21.4 ± 0.3^w	20.8 ± 0.3^w	19.3 ± 0.3^x	<0.0001
MUFA^d	27.3 ± 0.4	27.3 ± 0.3	27.1 ± 0.3	27.3 ± 0.3	0.82
Starch (g/d)	126 ± 2.0^wx	128 ± 1.7^w	125 ± 1.7^wx	120 ± 1.8^x	0.005
Added sugars (g/d)	54.8 ± 2.7	56.2 ± 2.3	53.1 ± 2.3	57.4 ± 2.5	0.60
Glycemic index^e	57.8 ± 0.3^w	57.6 ± 0.2^w	57.5 ± 0.2^w	56.3 ± 0.2^x	<0.0001
Glycemic load^e	143 ± 1.8	143 ± 1.5	143 ± 1.5	140 ± 1.6	0.33
Total dietary fiber (g/d)	18.9 ± 0.4	19.5 ± 0.3	18.7 ± 0.3	19.5 ± 0.4	0.42
Fruit fiber	1.8 ± 0.1^wx	1.7 ± 0.1^w	1.7 ± 0.1^w	2.1 ± 0.1^x	0.009
Non-starchy vegetable fiber	2.4 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	0.05
Starchy vegetable fiber^f	2.6 ± 0.1^w	2.4 ± 0.1^wx	2.4 ± 0.1^wx	2.1 ± 0.1^x	0.009
Legume fiber^g	6.6 ± 0.3^wx	7.0 ± 0.3^w	6.2 ± 0.3^wx	5.8 ± 0.3^x	0.01
Cereal fiber	4.5 ± 0.2^w	4.9 ± 0.1^wx	4.9 ± 0.1^wx	5.4 ± 0.2^x	0.004

Sample sizes per quartile of acculturation were: Q1, n = 261; Q2, n = 341; Q3, n = 322; Q4, n = 295.

Data are means ± SE, adjusted for age, sex, total energy, poverty status, and type 2 diabetes, with the exception of total energy, which was adjusted for all of these variables except total energy.

“PUFA” refers to polyunsaturated fatty acids.

“MUFA” refers to monounsaturated fatty acids.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load were calculated using glycemic index values with glucose as the reference.

“Starchy vegetable fiber” includes dietary fiber from corn, green peas, potatoes, sweet potatoes/yams, plantains/green bananas, and Hispanic root crops such as cassava.

“Legume fiber” includes fiber from nuts.

^wxyz

Means sharing the same superscripts (^w,x,y,z) are not significantly different from one another, based on ANCOVA with Tukey’s HSD test (P<0.05). P values are based on significance tests with logged data, for all variables except dietary glycemic index.