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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2012;27(1):1–20. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.07.004

Table 2.

Latent Growth Models for the Timing of Language Proficiency as a Predictor of Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes for the Full Sample from Kindergarten to 5th and 8th Grade, Controlling for Child, Family, School, Teacher, and Classroom Characteristicsa

Elementary School Behavioral Outcomesb Elementary School Cognitive Outcomesb
Externalizing
Behaviors		 Self-Control Approaches to
Learning		 Math IRT Score Reading IRT Score
Intercept, N = 19,890
Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE
Proficiency Status
 Home language is English ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
 Proficient at kindergarten
 entry		 −0.06 0.02 * 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.02 * −0.03 0.29 −0.31 0.51
 Proficient by spring of
 first grade		 −0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 −2.59 0.30 ** −4.24 0.57 **
 Not English proficient by
 spring of first grade		 0.01 0.04 −0.01 0.04 −0.11 0.04 * −1.96 0.37 ** −45.71 4.05 **
Child Demographic
Characteristics
 Age at kindergarten entry −0.06 0.01 ** 0.12 0.01 ** 0.28 0.01 ** 6.40 0.17 ** 5.37 0.28 **
 Gender
  Female −0.26 0.01 ** 0.20 0.01 ** 0.25 0.01 ** −0.38 0.12 * 1.72 0.19 **
 Race
  White, Black, Other ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Mexican −0.06 0.02 * 0.06 0.02 * 0.05 0.02 −0.73 0.23 * −0.24 0.40
  Hispanic Other 0.01 0.02 −0.02 0.02 −0.05 0.02 * −1.30 0.19 ** −0.78 0.34
  Asian −0.09 0.02 ** 0.07 0.02 * 0.10 0.02 ** 2.13 0.33 ** 5.12 0.58 **
 Immigrant Status
  Immigrant −0.06 0.02 * 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.21 1.30 0.39 *
 Citizenship
  Child is a citizen −0.05 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 −0.04 0.43 0.28 0.85
 Disability Status
  Child is disabled 0.15 0.02 ** −0.16 0.02 ** −0.28 0.02 ** −3.22 0.19 ** −4.16 0.29 **
Family Demographic
Characteristics
 Parental education level −0.03 0.01 ** 0.04 0.01 ** 0.07 0.01 ** 1.95 0.07 ** 2.69 0.12 **
 Family Structure
  Two parent ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Single parent or other
type −0.12 0.01 ** 0.13 0.01 ** 0.12 0.01 ** 0.89 0.13 ** 1.29 0.21 **
 Number of siblings −0.04 0.00 ** 0.02 0.00 ** −0.01 0.00 −0.36 0.05 ** −1.05 0.08 **
 Family Income
  Income-to-needs ratio 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 ** 0.34 0.03 ** 0.36 0.05 **
Home Environment
Characteristics
 Family Activities
  Child participates in
  cognitively
  stimulating activities
  at kindergarten entry		 −0.01 0.00 ** 0.01 0.00 ** 0.01 0.00 ** 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.03
  Child participates in
  cultural heritage
  activities		 0.00 0.00 −0.01 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 −0.07 0.02 * −0.03 0.04
  Child has
  lessons/extracurricular
  activities		 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 ** 1.02 0.07 ** 1.03 0.11 **
  Child Routines
   Child routinely eats
  meals with family		 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.55 0.15 **
  Child has a regular
  bedtime		 −0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 * 0.06 0.02 * 1.01 0.17 ** 1.02 0.28 **
 Parental involvement in
 child’’s school
  Parent is involved in
 ’activities at school		 −0.03 0.00 ** 0.03 0.00 ** 0.03 0.00 ** 0.46 0.04 ** 0.48 0.07 **
  Parent experiences
 ’barriers to school
 ’involvement		 0.02 0.00 ** −0.02 0.00 ** −0.03 0.00 ** −0.37 0.05 ** −0.44 0.08 **
Child Care in the year prior
to kindergarten
 Center-based care ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
 Parental care −0.12 0.01 ** 0.08 0.01 ** 0.00 0.01 −1.11 0.15 ** −1.02 0.25 **
 Home-based care −0.15 0.01 ** −0.09 0.01 ** 0.01 0.02 −1.06 0.17 ** −1.21 0.28 **
Slope, N = 19,890
Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE
Proficiency Status
 Home language is English ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Proficient at kindergarten
  entry		 −0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.75 0.15 ** 0.90 0.26 *
 Proficient by spring of
  first grade		 −0.05 0.01 ** 0.05 0.01 * 0.05 0.02 * 0.62 0.17 ** 0.31 0.30
 Not English proficient by
  spring of first grade		 −0.03 0.02 −0.01 0.02 0.07 0.02 * −1.30 0.27 ** 10.44 1.37 **
Child Demographic
Characteristics
 Age at kindergarten entry 0.01 0.01 −0.03 0.01 ** −0.08 0.01 ** −0.49 0.09 * −0.48 0.17 *
 Gender
  Female 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 ** −0.85 0.06 *** 0.62 0.12 **
 Race
  White, Black, Other ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Mexican 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.50 0.13 ** 0.44 0.23
  Hispanic Other −0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 −0.14 0.11 −0.07 0.21
  Asian −0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 * 0.05 0.01 ** 0.74 0.14 ** −0.51 0.26
 Immigrant Status
  Immigrant 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.46 0.11 ** 0.39 0.19
 Citizenship
  Child is a citizen 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 −0.02 0.02 −0.47 0.24 −1.20 0.45 *
 Disability Status
  Child is disabled −0.03 0.01 ** 0.03 0.01 ** 0.03 0.01 ** −1.21 0.11 ** −2.23 0.20 **
Family Demographic
Characteristics
 Parental education level −0.01 0.00 ** 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 * 0.86 0.04 ** 1.38 0.07 **
 Family Structure
  Two parent ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Single parent or other
type −0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.48 0.08 ** 0.50 0.15 *
 Number of siblings 0.01 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.05 0.03 −0.27 0.05 **
 Family Income
  Income-to-needs ratio 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.01 ** 0.09 0.02 **
Home Environment
Characteristics
 Family Activities
  Child participates in
  cognitively
 stimulating activities
  at kindergarten entry		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02
  Child participates in
  cultural heritage
  activities		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.07 0.01 ** −0.02 0.02
  Child has
  lessons/extracurricul
  ar activities		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.03 ** 0.15 0.06
Child Routines
  Child routinely eats
  meals with family		 −0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.10 0.10
  Child has a regular
  bedtime		 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.55 0.10 ** 0.77 0.18 **
 Parental involvement in
 child’s school
  Parent is involved in
  activities at school		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.02 ** 0.31 0.04 **
  Parent experiences
  barriers to school
  involvement		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 −0.08 0.03 * −0.13 0.05 *
Child Care in the year prior
to kindergarten
 Center-based care ref ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
 Parental care 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 −0.04 0.08 −0.03 0.16
 Home-based 0.04 0.01 ** −0.02 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.02 0.09 0.03 0.17
School Characteristics
 School Size −0.01 0.00 ** 0.01 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.05
 School type
  Public School ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.
  Private School −0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 −0.67 0.08 ** 0.44 0.15 *
 Student body
  Percentage of LEP
  Students		 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 −0.01 0.00 ** −0.03 0.00 **
  School’s population is
 >50% low income		 −0.01 0.00 * 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.35 0.08 ** 0.97 0.15 **
 School services
  Services for all families
  at kindergarten		 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 −0.02 0.05
Teacher Characteristics
 Teacher completed median
  coursework in EC
  Development		 0.00 0.00 −0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.07 −0.07 0.13
 Teacher has 6+ years
  experience teaching at
  grade level		 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 * 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.06 0.38 0.11 *
Classroom Characteristics
 Class-size 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 *
  Child attended full-day
  kindergarten		 0.00 0.00 −0.01 0.00 * −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.06 −0.55 0.12 **
 Reading is taught daily −0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 −0.04 0.14 0.16 0.27

SE = Standard Error

*

p<.01

**

p<.001

Note:

a

Unless otherwise noted, all home environment, school, teacher and classroom characteristics are measured at the spring of kindergarten.

b

Elementary School Behavioral Outcomes are measured until 5th grade, whereas the Elementary School Cognitive Outcomes are measured until 8th grade.

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort 1998-1999 (ECLS-K)