Table 2.
Immune modulators and bacteria.
| Signal molecules | Bacterial species | Observed effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | Escherichia coli | ↑Growth | [40] |
| Acinetobacter spp | ↑Growth | [90] | |
| TNF-α | Shigella flexneri | ↑Invasion | [91] |
| IL-2 | Escherichia coli | ↑Growth | [89] |
| GM-CSF | Escherichia coli | ↑Growth | [89] |
| IL-6 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ↑Growth | [90] |
| INF-γ | Klebsiella pneumoniae | ↑Growth | [41] |
| Escherichia coli | ↑Growth | [41] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ↑QS/virulence | [96] | |
| Dynorphin | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ↑QS/virulence | [99] |
This Table summarizes the different immune modulators that were shown to modify directly Gram-negative bacteria physiology, the immune modulator-responsive bacteria and the observed effects. QS: Quorum sensing, GM-CSF: Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor.