Table 3.

Peptide hormones and bacteria.

Signal molecules	Bacterial species	Observed effect	References
Substance P	Escherichia coli	Antibacterial	[125]
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Antibacterial	[158]
Insulin	Burkholderia pseudomalei	↓Growth	[42]
CGRP	Escherichia coli	Antibacterial	[126]
Chromogranins	Escherichia coli	Antibacterial	[122]
Somatostatin	Helicobacter pylori	↓Growth	[43]
hBNP	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	↑Virulence	[44]
	Pseudomonas fluorescens	↑Virulence	[141]
	E. coli; P. aeruginosa	Antibacterial	[135]
CNP	Pseudomonas fluorescens	↑Virulence	[141]
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	↑Virulence	[44]
Gastrin	Helicobacter pylori	↑Growth	[131]
ACTH	Vibrio splendidus	↑Growth	[155]
Neuropeptide Y	Escherichia coli	Antibacterial	[125]

This Table summarizes the different peptide hormones that were shown to modify directly Gram-negative bacteria physiology, the peptide hormone-responsive bacteria and the observed effects. hBNP: human brain natriuretic peptide, CNP: c-type natriuretic peptide, CGRP: Calcitonin gene related peptide, ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic.