Figure 1.
Evolutionary stability under the z-mixed population model. The strategies that are ESS are indicated in each region of the (b, β) parameter space. We set c = 1 and α = 1. We consider small errors. (A) When anti-social punishment in not allowed, CP is ESS in regions 3, 4 and 5. (B) When anti-social punishment in allowed, CP is never ESS. Either DN or DS is the unique ESS.
