FIGURE 1:

Inhibition of FA oxidation reduces UPR activation in vivo. (A) Wild-type mice were injected with 0.25 mg/kg TM or 20 mg/kg ET alone or in combination. Animals were killed 14 h after injection and liver homogenates prepared for immunoblotting against the ER chaperones BiP and GRP94, the PERK-dependent UPR target gene CHOP, or the lipid droplet marker protein ADRP. Asterisk denotes a nonspecific background band that shows equal protein loading. (B, C) In parallel, expression of Bip and Chop mRNAs taken from the same livers as in A were analyzed by qRT-PCR (B), or Xbp1 mRNA splicing was analyzed by conventional RT-PCR, and splicing was quantitated and is shown below the gel image (C). Xbp1 image is shown in black-to-white inverted form for visual clarity.