Table 3.
Adjusted z-scorea differences in head shape at Time 1 and Time 2 among: children with diagnosed plagiocephaly or brachycephaly, confirmed on 3D imaging (all cases); children with brachycephaly, but not plagiocephaly (isolated brachycephaly); children without diagnosed plagiocephaly or brachycephaly, with some dysmorphology detected on 3D imaging (affected controls); and children without previously diagnosed plagiocephaly or brachycephaly and confirmed absence of cranial dysmorphology on 3D imaging (unaffected controls).
| Time 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Cases vs. Unaffected Controls |
Isolated Brachycephaly vs. Unaffected Controls |
Affected Controls vs. Unaffected Controls |
||||
| Measure | Adj. Diffb (95% CI) |
p-value | Adj. Diffb (95% CI) |
p-value | Adj. Diffb (95% CI) |
p-value |
| Posterior Flatness (PF) |
2.19 (1.95, 2.43) |
<0.001 | 1.32 (0.89, 1.75) |
<0.001 | 0.43 (0.11, 0.75) |
0.009 |
| Absolute Asymmetry Score (AAS) |
3.21 (2.89, 3.53) |
<0.001 | 0.29 (−0.15, 0.73) |
0.194 | 0.58 (0.21, 0.96) |
0.002 |
| Oblique Cranial Length Ratio (aOCLR) |
1.19 (0.98, 1.40) |
<0.001 | −0.06 (−0.30, 0.18) |
0.615 | 0.45 (−0.22, 1.12) |
0.183 |
| Cephalic Index (CI) | 2.59 (2.35, 2.83) |
<0.001 | 3.77 (3.41, 4.13) |
<0.001 | 1.20 (0.85, 1.55) |
<0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Time 2 | ||||||
| All Cases vs. Unaffected Controls |
Isolated Brachycephaly vs. Unaffected Controls |
Affected Controls vs. Unaffected Controls |
||||
|
| ||||||
| Measure | Adj. Diffb (95% CI) |
p-value | Adj. Diffb(95% CI) | p-value | Adj. Diffb(95% CI) | p-value |
|
| ||||||
| Posterior Flatness (PF) |
1.73 (1.52, 1.93) |
<0.001 | 1.38 (0.79, 1.96) |
< 0.001 | 0.68 (0.42, 0.95) |
<0.001 |
| Absolute Asymmetry Score (AAS) |
1.75 (1.49, 2.01) |
<0.001 | 0.66 (0.06, 1.25) |
0.032 | 0.35 (0.04, 0.67) |
0.028 |
| Oblique Cranial Length Ratio (aOCLR)c |
1.18 (1.05, 1.31) |
<0.001 | 0.06 (−0.13, 0.24) |
0.547 | 0.28 (0.05, 0.51) |
0.017 |
| Cephalic Index (CI) | 2.32 (2.09, 2.55) |
<0.001 | 2.83 (2.46, 3.19) |
< 0.001 | 1.13 (0.80, 1.46) |
0<0.00 1 |
Differences are expressed in z-score units (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1) using scores for unaffected controls at Time 1 as the reference group (e.g., z = observed score - Time 1 unaffected control group mean / Time 1 unaffected control group standard deviation).
Adjusted for race/ethnicity, gender, age (months), and socioeconomic status (scored as a continuous variable, using the Hollingshead composite score).
The aOCLR could not be used for 1 case at Time 2 due to poor 3D photo quality. This did not affect other measures.