Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 12,957 DISTANCE (Diabetes Study of Northern California) Survey Responders with at Least One Scheduled Primary Care Appointment, Stratified by Ethnicity and Poor Appointment-Keeping (PAK)
| Ethnicity | PAK | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | African American (n = 2,860) | Asian (n = 1,866) | Caucasian (n = 3,380) | Filipino (n = 1,970) | Latino (n = 2,881) | Yes (n = 1,031) | No (n = 11,926) | All (n = 12,957) |
| Missed >1/3 of PCP visits in prior year* | 8 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 21 | 6 | 7 |
| Age, mean (SD)* | 60.0 ± 9.8 | 61.1 ± 9.7 | 60.3 ± 9.9 | 58.8 ± 9.1 | 57.1 ± 10.9 | 54.9 ± 10.7 | 59.8 ± 9.9 | 59.4 ± 10.1 |
| Women | 58 | 44 | 45 | 53 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Ethnicity* | ||||||||
| African American | 26 | 22 | 22 | |||||
| Asian | 7 | 15 | 14 | |||||
| Caucasian | 21 | 27 | 26 | |||||
| Filipino | 13 | 15 | 15 | |||||
| Latino | 32 | 21 | 22 | |||||
| Level of education* | ||||||||
| No degree earned | 12 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 35 | 17 | 16 | 16 |
| High school/GED | 34 | 22 | 34 | 17 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 |
| Some college | 31 | 21 | 26 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 25 | 25 |
| College grad and above | 23 | 43 | 30 | 57 | 10 | 25 | 30 | 30 |
| Annual income | ||||||||
| <$15,000 | 12 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
| $15,000–$49,999 | 39 | 28 | 35 | 35 | 47 | 35 | 38 | 38 |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 35 | 34 | 39 | 35 | 31 | 39 | 35 | 35 |
| $100,000+ | 14 | 24 | 20 | 20 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 17 |
| Assets<$10,000* | 37 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 47 | 39 | 29 | 30 |
| Neighborhood deprivation index* | ||||||||
| Fourth quartile (most deprived) | 39 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 35 | 30 | 23 | 23 |
| Employment* | ||||||||
| Managerial/professional/technical | 29 | 31 | 35 | 34 | 23 | 33 | 30 | 30 |
| Service/farming/precision/operator | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 20 | 14 | 14 |
| Not employed | 59 | 58 | 55 | 53 | 53 | 47 | 56 | 56 |
| Limited English proficiency* | 5 | 21 | 3 | 7 | 25 | 15 | 11 | 11 |
| Inadequate functional health literacy | 9 | 16 | 6 | 9 | 22 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Office visit copay≥30* | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Does not have a personal physician* | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Trust-in-provider* | ||||||||
| Never or sometimes | 11 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 10 | 10 |
| DxCg risk score* | ||||||||
| Fourth quartile (most risk) | 32 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 24 | 23 | 27 | 27 |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||||
| None | 63 | 75 | 63 | 65 | 58 | 62 | 64 | 64 |
| Any | 37 | 25 | 37 | 35 | 42 | 38 | 36 | 36 |
| Lack of social support | 15 | 21 | 19 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 17 | 17 |
| Competing demands to diabetes care | 24 | 27 | 25 | 32 | 34 | 30 | 28 | 28 |
| Age at DM onset, mean (SD)* | 48.4 ± 11.5 | 50.2 ± 12.3 | 49.7 ± 13.0 | 48.9 ± 10.8 | 46.7 ± 12.0 | 44.9 ± 11.9 | 49.0 ± 12.0 | 48.7 ± 12.1 |
| Duration of DM (years), mean (SD) * | 11.2 ± 9.0 | 10.7 ± 10.0 | 10.4 ± 9.5 | 9.6 ± 8.1 | 10.2 ± 8.7 | 9.6 ± 8.7 | 10.5 ± 9.1 | 10.5 ± 9.1 |
| HbA1c≥7%* | 55 | 51 | 48 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 54 | 54 |
| LDL≥100 (mg/dl)* | 41 | 28 | 34 | 28 | 37 | 42 | 34 | 34 |
| Systolic BP ≥130 mmHg* | 57 | 39 | 51 | 42 | 46 | 53 | 48 | 48 |
Note. Column percents presented unless otherwise noted. Missing responses were not included. Chi-squared statistic reported for categorical variables.
p-Value for Spearman's correlation coefficient reported for continuous variables. p-Values for all ethnicity contrasts were <.05.
*
p-Value < .05 for PAK contrasts.
BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PCP, primary care providers.