Table 4.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of NYC TB Cases Harboring RDRio and non-RDRio M. tuberculosis: Associations by Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
| Variable | Group | RDRio (%)* | Non-RDRio | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.99 (0.985–1.0)* | 1 (0.99–1.01) | |||
| Gender | Female | 111 (36.8) | 1290 (36.4) | 1 (reference) | 1 |
| Male | 191 (63.3) | 2255 (63.6) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | |
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 171 (56.6) | 984 (27.8) | 5.42 (2.83–10.4)** | 3.34 (1.60–6.99)** |
| Black | 107 (35.4) | 1138 (32.1) | 2.93 (1.52–5.68)** | 2.33 (1.17–4.63)* | |
| Asian | 14 (4.6) | 1111 (31.3) | 0.39 (0.17–0.89)* | 1.69 (0.57–5.02) | |
| Other | 10 (3.3) | 312 (8.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Birthplace | LAC | 189 (62.6) | 1151 (32.5) | 2.91 (1.83–4.63)** | 1.95 (1.11–3.43)* |
| US | 82 (27.2) | 944 (26.6) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) | 1.42 (0.83–2.41) | |
| Asia | 9 (3.0) | 1061 (30.0) | 0.15 (0.07–0.33)** | 0.19 (0.06–0.60)** | |
| Other | 21 (7.0) | 372 (10.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| Residence | Manhattan | 65 (21.5) | 702 (19.8) | 1.52 (1.08–2.14)* | 1.49 (1.03–2.17)* |
| Bronx | 72 (23.8) | 489 (13.8) | 2.42 (1.73–3.38)** | 1.89 (1.31–2.71)** | |
| Brooklyn | 87 (28.8) | 1074 (30.3) | 1.33 (0.97–1.82) | 1.27 (0.90–1.78) | |
| Other | 78 (25.8) | 1280 (36.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| HIV Status | Positive | 50 (16.6) | 590 (16.6) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) |
| Negative | 184 (60.9) | 1927 (54.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| Missing | 68 (22.5) | 1028 (29.0) | 0.69 (0.52–0.92)* | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | |
| Alcoholism | Yes | 55 (18.2) | 563 (15.9) | 1.19 (0.87–1.61) | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) |
| No | 238 (78.8) | 2886 (81.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| Missing | 9 (3.0) | 96 (2.7) | 1.14 (0.57–2.28) | 1.79 (0.31–10.15) | |
| Smoking | Yes | 21 (7.0) | 324 (9.1) | 0.79 (0.48–1.28) | 0.79 (0.46–1.35) |
| No | 87 (28.8) | 1053 (29.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Missing | 194 (64.2) | 2168 (61.2) | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 1.91 (0.87–4.22) | |
| Homeless | Yes | 10 (3.3) | 103 (2.9) | 1.22 (0.62–2.41) | 1.17 (0.56–2.47) |
| No | 104 (34.4) | 1310 (37.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Missing | 188 (62.3) | 2132 (60.1) | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) | 0.87 (0.39–1.95) | |
| Drug Use | Yes | 30 (9.9) | 315 (8.9) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 0.97 (0.61–1.54) |
| No | 264 (87.4) | 3136 (88.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| Missing | 8 (2.7) | 94 (2.7) | 1.01 (0.49–2.10) | 0.54 (0.09–3.35) | |
| Year | 2001 | 59 (19.5) | 804 (22.7) | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | |
| 2002 | 61 (20.2) | 692 (19.5) | 1.04 (0.71–1.51) | 1.20 (1.03–1.41)* | |
| 2003 | 76 (25.2) | 728 (20.5) | 1.23 (0.85–1.76) | ||
| 2004 | 51 (16.9) | 675 (19.0) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | ||
| 2005 | 55 (18.2) | 646 (18.2) | 1 | ||
| TB History | Latent TB History | 23 (7.6) | 148 (4.2) | 1.89 (1.20–3.00)** | 1.41 (0.86–2.31) |
| TB Hx | 5 (1.7) | 73 (2.1) | 0.83 (0.33–2.07) | 0.81 (0.31–2.07) | |
| Other | 274 (90.7) | 3324 (93.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Tuberculin Skin Test result | Positive | 187 (61.9) | 2167 (61.1) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.96 (0.69–1.36) |
| Negative | 51 (16.9) | 525 (14.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Unknown | 64 (21.2) | 853 (24.1) | 0.77 (0.53–1.13) | 0.94 (0.63–1.42) | |
| Sputum Smear | Positive | 153 (50.7) | 1725 (48.7) | 1.13 (0.86–1.47) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) |
| Negative | 97 (32.1) | 1231 (34.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Unknown | 52 (17.2) | 589 (16.6) | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) | |
| Disease Site | Pulmonary | 208 (68.9) | 2452 (69.2) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 1.13 (0.74–1.75) |
| Extrapulm. | 60 (19.9) | 663 (18.7) | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 1.07 (0.62–1.84) | |
| Both | 30 (9.9) | 384 (10.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Unknown | 4 (1.3) | 46 (1.3) | 1.11 (0.38–3.30) | 1.02 (0.33–3.11) | |
| Cavitary Dis | Yes | 69 (22.9) | 637 (18.0) | 1.42 (1.06–1.91)* | 1.35 (0.98–1.87) |
| No | 177 (58.6) | 2325 (65.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| Unknown | 56 (18.5) | 583 (16.5) | 1.26 (0.92–1.73) | 1.21 (0.81–1.82) | |
| Drug Resistance | INH | 31 (10.3) | 261 (7.4) | 1.41 (0.95–2.09) | 1.65 (1.09–2.51)* |
| MDR | 8 (2.7) | 107 (3.0) | 0.89 (0.43–1.84) | 0.99 (0.46–2.12) | |
| Other | 249 (82.5) | 2958 (83.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| Unknown | 14 (4.6) | 219 (6.2) | 0.76 (0.44–1.32) | 0.71 (0.40–1.27) |
Of note, the robustness of the MVA model in determining associations with RDRio M. tuberculosis is shown by the high area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74.
Percentages (%) refer to the column percentage of cases harboring RDRio (or non-RDRio) M. tuberculosis with each variable.
CI denotes confidence interval.
denotes 0.01≤ p<0.05;
denotes p<0.01.
The results from the column of “odds ratio” were from the simple logistic regression that associated the individual factor and the outcome (RDRio vs. non- RDRio), while the results from the column of “Adjusted odds ratio” were from the multiple logistic regression that associated all of the listed factors jointed and the outcome (RDRio vs. non- RDRio).
Selected characteristics of TB associated with RDRio and non- RDRio M. tuberculosis defined by univariate (OR) and multivariate analysis (MVA, Adjusted OR) are shown. Year was included as a continuous variable in the adjusted model. Adjusting for all factors, TB caused by RDRio strains also appeared to become more prevalent over the five year period (approximately 20% increase in odds ratio per 1 year increase with p=0.02).