Table 2.
Associations between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk, overall and by clinical characteristics, among 198,404 women, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
| Breast cancer | Coffee consumption
|
p-value for trend | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | ≤2 cups/week | 3–6 cups/week | 1 cup/day | 2–3 cups/day | 4+ cups/day | |||||||
| RR | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | ||
| All cases(No. cases=9,915) | 1,138 | 1,114 | 662 | 1,833 | 3,951 | 1,217 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.08 | (1.00, 1.18) | 1.03 | (0.93, 1.13) | 1.04 | (0.96, 1.12) | 1.06 | (0.99, 1.13) | 1.01 | (0.93, 1.10) | 0.89 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.06 | (0.97, 1.15) | 1.00 | (0.91, 1.10) | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 | (0.95, 1.09) | 0.98 | (0.91, 1.07) | 0.38 |
| Cases with ER/PR status(No. cases=2,984) | 313 | 355 | 223 | 518 | 1,214 | 361 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.25 | (1.07, 1.45) | 1.26 | (1.06, 1.49) | 1.07 | (0.93, 1.23) | 1.18 | (1.04, 1.34) | 1.09 | (0.94, 1.27) | 0.52 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.21 | (1.04, 1.41) | 1.22 | (1.03, 1.45) | 1.03 | (0.90, 1.19) | 1.13 | (0.99, 1.28) | 1.08 | (0.92, 1.26) | 0.80 |
| ER/PR status | ||||||||||||
| ER+/PR+ (No. cases=2,051) | 210 | 235 | 158 | 368 | 834 | 246 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.23 | (1.02, 1.48) | 1.32 | (1.07, 1.62) | 1.12 | (0.95, 1.33) | 1.20 | (1.03, 1.40) | 1.10 | (0.92, 1.32) | 0.91 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.20 | (0.99, 1.44) | 1.29 | (1.05, 1.59) | 1.10 | (0.92, 1.30) | 1.15 | (0.99, 1.35) | 1.11 | (0.91, 1.34) | 0.93 |
| ER+/PR− (No. cases=425) | 44 | 50 | 31 | 64 | 186 | 50 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.25 | (0.83, 1.87) | 1.23 | (0.78, 1.95) | 0.92 | (0.63, 1.36) | 1.27 | (0.92, 1.77) | 1.07 | (0.71, 1.60) | 0.56 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.21 | (0.80, 1.81) | 1.21 | 0.76, 1.92) | 0.90 | (0.61, 1.32) | 1.18 | (0.84, 1.65) | 0.97 | (0.64, 1.48) | 0.97 |
| ER−/PR+ (No. cases=55) | 5 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 23 | 5 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.76 | (0.58, 5.38) | 2.81 | (0.92, 8.60) | 0.77 | (0.24, 2.53) | 1.40 | (0.53, 3.68) | 0.94 | (0.27, 3.25) | 0.50 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.60 | (0.52, 4.91) | 2.49 | (0.81, 7.68) | 0.70 | (0.21, 2.33) | 1.26 | (0.47, 3.40) | 1.02 | (0.29, 3.61) | 0.63 |
| ER−/PR− (No. cases=453) | 54 | 62 | 26 | 80 | 171 | 60 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.29 | (0.89, 1.85) | 0.87 | (0.55, 1.39) | 1.00 | (0.71, 1.41) | 1.00 | (0.73, 1.35) | 1.06 | (0.74, 1.53) | 0.76 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.22 | (0.85, 1.77) | 0.82 | (0.51, 1.31) | 0.95 | (0.67, 1.35) | 0.96 | (0.70, 1.31) | 1.08 | (0.74, 1.58) | 0.95 |
| p-value for heterogeneity‡ | 0.53 | |||||||||||
| Stage | ||||||||||||
| In-situ (No. cases=1,892) | 227 | 222 | 122 | 358 | 727 | 236 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.09 | (0.90, 1.31) | 0.96 | (0.77, 1.19) | 1.03 | (0.87, 1.22) | 0.98 | (0.85, 1.14) | 0.99 | (0.82, 1.19) | 0.45 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.86, 1.25) | 0.92 | (0.74, 1.15) | 1.00 | (0.85, 1.19) | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.14) | 1.02 | (0.85, 1.24) | 0.99 |
| Invasive (No. cases=7,959) | 905 | 881 | 534 | 1,463 | 3,203 | 973 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.98, 1.18) | 1.04 | (0.93, 1.16) | 1.04 | (0.96, 1.13) | 1.08 | (1.00, 1.16) | 1.02 | (0.93, 1.11) | 0.78 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.16) | 1.02 | (0.91, 1.13) | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.11) | 1.03 | (0.95, 1.11) | 0.98 | (0.89, 1.07) | 0.37 |
| p-value for heterogeneity‡ | 0.79 | |||||||||||
| Grade | ||||||||||||
| Grade 1 (No. cases=1,687) | 184 | 162 | 118 | 280 | 725 | 218 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | 1.13 | (0.89, 1.42) | 0.97 | (0.81, 1.17) | 1.19 | (1.01, 1.40) | 1.12 | (0.92, 1.36) | 0.01 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.93 | (0.75, 1.15) | 1.09 | (0.86, 1.37) | 0.93 | (0.77, 1.12) | 1.09 | (0.93, 1.29) | 1.04 | (0.85, 1.28) | 0.14 |
| Grade 2 (No. cases=3,030) | 341 | 363 | 208 | 597 | 1,174 | 347 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.18 | (1.01, 1.36) | 1.08 | (0.91, 1.28) | 1.12 | (0.98, 1.28) | 1.05 | (0.93, 1.18) | 0.96 | (0.83, 1.12) | 0.05 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.16 | (1.00, 1.35) | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.26) | 1.11 | (0.97, 1.27) | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.14) | 0.93 | (0.80, 1.09) | 0.01 |
| Grade 3+(No. cases=2,097) | 252 | 242 | 136 | 377 | 815 | 275 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.27) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.19) | 0.98 | (0.84, 1.15) | 1.00 | (0.87, 1.15) | 1.04 | (0.87, 1.23) | 0.87 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.87, 1.25) | 0.93 | (0.76, 1.15) | 0.96 | (0.82, 1.13) | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.12) | 1.01 | (0.85, 1.21) | 0.98 |
| p-value for heterogeneity‡ | 0.03 | |||||||||||
| Histology | ||||||||||||
| Ductal (No. cases=5,495) | 636 | 585 | 362 | 993 | 2,233 | 686 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.02 | (0.91, 1.14) | 1.01 | (0.88, 1.15) | 1.01 | (0.91, 1.11) | 1.07 | (0.98, 1.17) | 1.02 | (0.92, 1.14) | 0.26 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.00 | (0.90, 1.12) | 0.99 | (0.87, 1.13) | 0.99 | (0.90, 1.10) | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.13) | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.11) | 0.74 |
| Lobular (No. cases=869) | 83 | 110 | 50 | 162 | 364 | 100 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.46 | (1.09, 1.94) | 1.05 | (0.74, 1.49) | 1.23 | (0.95, 1.61) | 1.32 | (1.04, 1.67) | 1.14 | (0.85, 1.52) | 0.81 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.39 | (1.04, 1.85) | 0.99 | (0.70, 1.41) | 1.16 | (0.89, 1.52) | 1.18 | (0.93, 1.51) | 1.02 | (0.76, 1.37) | 0.51 |
| Mixed (No. cases=680) | 76 | 87 | 60 | 125 | 256 | 76 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.27 | (0.94, 1.73) | 1.41 | (1.00, 1.97) | 1.08 | (0.81, 1.43) | 1.04 | (0.80, 1.34) | 0.95 | (0.69, 1.31) | 0.08 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.21 | (0.89, 1.66) | 1.34 | (0.95, 1.89) | 1.02 | (0.76, 1.36) | 0.94 | (0.72, 1.22) | 0.88 | (0.63, 1.22) | 0.02 |
| p-value for heterogeneity‡ | 0.15 | |||||||||||
*
Relative risk adjusting for age (continuous). The referent category is never coffee drinkers.
†
Relative risk adjusting for age (continuous), race/ethnicity, education, BMI (kg/m2), smoking status and dose, alcohol, proportion of total energy from fat (quintiles), age at first live birth, menopausal hormone therapy use, history of breast biopsy, and family history of breast cancer. The referent category is never coffee drinkers.
‡
p-value for heterogeneity obtained through multivariate polytomous logistic regression models where the referent category is ER+/PR+, invasive, grade 1, and ductal histology, respectively.
ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor