Table 1.
Post-application urine concentrations (µg/L) grouped by application method and CR glove use for 2,4-D 1 (N = 88) and chlorpyrifos 2 (N = 17) applications.
| Application Method | CR Glove Use | N | AM | GM | GSD | CR Glove Use 3 | Application Method 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,4-D | |||||||
| Boom Spray | Yes | 32 | 27 | 14 | 3.1 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.092 |
| No | 14 | 91 | 55 | 3.0 | |||
| Hand Spray | Yes | 21 | 48 | 23 | 3.3 | ||
| No | 21 | 200 | 81 | 4.9 | |||
| Chlorpyrifos | |||||||
| In-furrow (granular) | Yes | 7 | 8 | 6 | 1.8 | P = 0.084 | P = 0.014 |
| No | 6 | 14 | 12 | 1.8 | |||
| Boom Spray(liquid) | Yes | 2 | 14 | 14 | 1.3 | ||
| No | 2 | 47 | 32 | 3.6 |
1 2,4-D measured as a urinary biomarker for 2,4-D.
2 TCPy measured as a urinary biomarker for chlorpyrifos.
3 P values from two-way analysis of variance using (independent variables: glove use and application method).
Abbreviations: AM = arithmetic mean; CR = chemically-resistant; GM = geometric mean; GSD = geometric standard deviation; N = number of application days monitored.