Figure 8. T cell responses are generally required for rapid protection by immunizations with vaccinia virus.

C57BL/6 mice (○) or C57BL/6 mice depleted of CD4 and CD8 T cells (◊) were (A) vaccinated with 10⁸ PFU MVA intranasally (i.n.), or (B) intramuscularly (i.m.), or (C) by scarification (i.d.) with 10⁶ PFU VACV Elstree (i.d.) at two days before the 3×LD₅₀ ECTV challenge infection. Mock-challenged (▪) and mock-vaccinated (▴) mice served as controls. In all experiments weight loss of individual mice was monitored daily (n = 2 to 6 per group). +indicate the individual time of death. Error bars indicate SEMs, and the numbers of surviving/total animals are given in parentheses. Data are representative of two similar experiments. Statistical significance of differences between groups is indicated by * for p-value<0.05, ** for p-value<0.01 and *** for p-value<0.001.